Critically evaluate information-processing accounts of cognitive Essay

Critically evaluate information-processing accounts of cognitive victimisation - Essay deterrent exampleThe first major formulation of a developmental psychology was completed by Jean Piaget, who uses a system of schemas to describe the development of the mind from birthing to adulthood. He broke this development down into four faces the sensorimotor, the preoperational, the concrete operational, and the formal operational, each of which is described by a certain set of cognitive processes which ar matched with an empirical task that can detect those processes in action (Hestenes). The driving force that makes a person progress within stages, or from one stage to the next, is called equilibration or self-regulation (Hestenes). In other words, a person finds a way to resolve apparent inconsistencies in the way in which s/he views the world, and this effect brings progress. Another way to describe this process is defining growth as a process resulting from the recurrent destabili zation of the existing structure by brisk and unexpected features of world objects, followed by the subsequent generation of a more powerful structure (Verillon). This sense of personal agency is crucial in the development of a healthy sense of dualism between self and world, and of the ability to make judgments about the physical and mental world (Russell). The idea of the learner as an alive(p) participant, rather than a passive receptacle for information, was revolutionary in educational circles in Piagets day, and eld to widespread revisions in the way that children were educated (Nurrenbern). This process is unconformable in speed and can bring about quite abrupt transformations, in Piagets view.Information-processing approaches came about, as thinkers attempted to apply Piagets theories in ship canal that could be empirically tested. Some of these information-processing experiments found find nothing wrong with Piagets theories. Parisi and Schlesinger developed an Artificia l

An Evaluation of Academic Performance of Grade Essay Example for Free

An Evaluation of Academic Performance of seduce EssayIntroduction Bright minds make bright future Preparatory babyren nowadays ar farbetter than before they ar more advanced in direction and more capable of absorbing the methods of nurture that go ford with them. Modern teaching accompanied with modules and analytical measures develop thepre coachers memory retention that serves as the foundation of their study. Kids todayare more leave aloneing and not timid totry to discover new slipway and methods of learning. The value of preschool is ahot topic these days. A sm only but growing moment ofstudies link memorial in preschool or minor troublecenters (which typically include apreschool curriculum) to postgraduateer cognitive and langu maturate heaps on kindergarten-entry tests The azoic electric razorhood stage is apermanent learning stage. whatever they learn now, they leave take home. This preschool reproduction is the provision of education for squirtr enbefore the commencement of statutory education, usually amidst the ages of three and five, dependent on the jurisdiction. The institutional arrangements for preschool education vary longly around the world, as do the namesapplied to the institutions.Effective preschool education dejection help make all children ready to learn the day they start school and, more importantly, help close theenormous gap facing children inpoverty. Preschool go acrosss our kids the strongfoundation they need to besuccessful in school and in life. Children who attend pre-kindergarten programs discombobulate biggervocabularies and increased mathskills, know more letters and more letter-sound associations, and are more familiar with words and book concepts, according to a numberof studies (Patson P. Opido 2010). The child is the ultimate concern in all educational processes.He is the beginning at the end of all educational efforts. The goal of education is to help every child grow up all-round(preno minal) visiblely well-developed, mentally healthy, intelligently alert, emotionally secure and socially well adjusted. These can be truly achieved by giving attention to the childs foundation. The first day of the children in school is a unique experience. It whitethorn be their first contact with big group of children. The difference among first figure pupils in their train of forgedness to wander star work may vary.The grade I instructor should be aware of the differences in the childrens adeptness some facility is the springboard to do actions. Knowing pupils differences will guide the teacher on what to do to develop them to the fullest ( Lindberg and Swedo, 1995). A child born of a healthy, responsible and emotionally mature parents has a good foundation. His parents, especially the mother, guide him through with(predicate) the proper habits of eating, sleeping and cleanliness. An individuals situation toward himself and others, his behaviour either at work or at pla y, and his emotional roots in his early childhood experiences.What he learns at home constitutes the tail end for future learning and adjustment. As the child develops social awareness, he needs to experience association with a larger group outside his home. Parents send their children to school simply because they want them to develop introductory health habits and self sufficiency. Furthermore, this also includes the ability to use language patterns for simple and correct social attitudes in proportion to the company of batch around him, whether adults or other children and the appreciation of the aesthetic attributes of his immediate surroundings.Modern teaching accompanied with modules and analytical measures develop the preschoolers memory retention serving as the foundation of their education. Kids today are more willing and not afraid to try to discover new ways and methods of learning. The value of preschool is a hot topic these days. A small but growing number of studie s link enrolment in preschool or child care centers (which typically include a preschool curriculum) to higher(prenominal) cognitive and language scores on kindergarten-entry tests. The early childhood stage is a permanent learning stage.Whatever they learn now, they will take home. This preschool education is the provision of education for children before the commencement of statutory education, usually amid the ages of three and five, dependent on the jurisdiction. Parents on the other hand, play a vital role in educating their children because they are their first teachers, which is the greatest contribution before a child ever begins his formal education in school. When a child enters the formal school, he carries out with him the acquired values from his parents.Just want the teachers task, if parents fail to perform their responsibilities, it may bring misbehaviour on their children which may directly or indirectly affect the childs schoolman performance. In the Philippine public uncomplicated schools today, inner tensions ware been continuously affecting the learners going to grade one level, especially those who had never gone to any kind of schooling before. These learners entering grade one have galore(postnominal) apprehensions. Most of them have no experiences in going to school.Parents are not capable of sending them to school especially those in remote and slum areas. Instead of giving their children a chance to think in Day Care Centers and Kindergarten in some public elementary schools, they terminate up waiting for their to be accepted in strike off one(a). With these scenarios the pupils encounter difficulties in catching up with different skills like numeracy and literacy which are now the basic skills necessary in the first grade level of formal schooling. These children also suffer in relating themselves to their new environment, the school.In enact to have a refine-spoken transition from home to school and to prepare them soc ially and psychologically, the curriculum on the proterozoic childishness Experiences was recommended for adoption in all public elementary schools as included in Every Child A Reader Program ( ECARP). It aims to developing the reading readiness and breedingal reading in Grade one as launched by the Department of instruction. One of the major goals of the 2015 Education for All (EFA) is the expansion of the coverage and improvement of the quality of the archaeozoic puerility Care and know conductge (ECCD) programs in the country.The front government administration in its Ten-Point Agenda has declared a policy calling for the standardization of preschool and day care centers. The Department of Education (DepEd) in support of this thrust will administer aim politeness perspicacity examine to All Grade One Entrants, effective SY 2005-2006. The schoolhouse ardor Assessment (SRA) is a tool to determine the readiness of Grade One entrants in tackling formal Grade One work. Th e School installation Assessment hawkshaw will be administered by Grade One teachers assisted by the Grade Two and Three teachers one week before opening of classes.The sound judgment shall not be treated as an entrance test or examination. No child shall be refused entry to Grade 1 based on the results neither of this assessment nor without preschool experience. To continuously determine the school readiness of all Grade One Entrants, the School Readiness Assessment (SReA) was administered. One of the objectives of SReA is to assess pupils readiness crosswise the different developmental domains gross and fine tug, receptive/ expressive language, cognitive domain and socio- economic domain. The result obtained was the basis for grouping the Grade One entrants.It was also used to guide Grade One teachers in providing appropriate instruction and assistance to address specific needs of the pupils. The result of the School Readiness Test in May 2011 identified that t here were at l east forty twain point ninety eight percent of the school people of Grade One entrants were not ready. Children with No untimely puerility Care and victimization (ECCD) has low average in pupils readiness across the different developmental domains gross and fine motor, receptive/ expressive language, cognitive domain and socio- economic domain. Background of the StudyThe researcher is motivated by the supra mentioned situation and this direct to the conceptualization of this contract. As an educator, the researcher is faced with the fact that in that location is an imperative need to strengthen and streamline the internal management of educational arrangements in order to achieve efficiency and responsiveness to trends and challenges of the next millennium. It is therefore the aim of this study to empower parents and positively influence them on affirmative effects of pre-school education in the holistic development of their children particularly on the advancement of their pedantic performance.The value of preschool is ahot topic these days. A small but growing number ofstudies link enrolment in preschool or child carecenters (which typically include apreschool curriculum) to higher cognitive and language scores on kindergarten-entry tests. The early childhood stage is apermanent learning stage. Whatever they learn now, they will take home. This preschool education is the provision of education forchildrenbefore the commencement of statutory education, usually between the ages of three and five, dependent on the jurisdiction.The institutional arrangements for preschool education vary widely around the world, as do the namesapplied to the institutions ( Bustos Alicia and Espiritu 1985). The Early childhood Experiences Curriculum, hence all Grade One teachers are expected to implement it. Teachers are also encouraged to make use of local songs, games, dances and innate materials to enrich the curriculum. It is hoped that the Early Childhood Experien ce for Grade One will greatly benefit the children and strengthen efforts to make the schools child-friendly.Theoretical Framework This study is anchored on Edward Thorndikes, Jerome Bruners, and B. F. Skinners Theories of Learning. These theories enabled the researcher in the conceptualization of this work. The Law of Readiness as advocated by Thorndike is associated with mind set. It states that when an organism is prepared to respond to a stimulus, allowing doing so would be satisfying while preventing him would be annoying. This law works well in this study because the children is mentally ready to learn.The Law of Exercise states that the constant repetition of response strengthens its connection with the stimulus, while disuse of response weakens it. The exercises given to the children using a modifiable connection like instructional materials enables them to acquire the learning easier and instant(prenominal) because the responses will be utilized, the stronger the connecti on to be developed. Thus, when a modifiable between a stimulus and a response has been made, it is strengthened if its results in satisfaction as the Law of effect proves.Jerome Bruners (1915) theory of Instrumental conceptualization is also applied as it involves (3) three simultaneous processes as Acquisition, Transformation and Evaluation. This theory of learning believes that the acquisition of whatever form of knowledge acquisition, who selects structures, retains and transforms information. Teaching without the use of proper strategic plans will result to failure. Through School Readiness Assessment Test (SReA), pupils will acquire knowledge through different techniques used by the researchers.Hence, learning to read is facilitated by Skinners Theory. impressionual Framework This study focused on the evaluation of academic performance of Grade One pupils with and without Early Childhood Experience of Sto. Nino Elementary School. The independent variable consist of School Read iness Assessment Test (SReA) for children with and without Early Childhood Experience while the dependent variable is the academic performance of the respondents in harm of the avocation stunning Discrimination, archetype Formation, Numeracy, Reading Readiness and construction and Visual Motor Integration.Research Paradigm Independent Variable Dependent Variable Figure 1 The above figure shows the relationship of independent variables to dependent variables of the study. Statement of the Problem This study intended to evaluate the academic performance of Grade One pupils with and without Early Childhood Experience (ECE) at Sto. Nino Elementary School, Division of San Pablo City. Specifically, this study sought to answer the following questions 1. What are the mean pre-test scores of the two groups of pupils in terms of the following a) Sensory,b) Concept Formation, c) Numeracy, d) Reading Readiness and e) Construction and Visual- Motor Integration? 2. What are the mean post-tes t scores of the two groups of pupils in terms of the following a) Sensory Discrimination, b) Concept Formation, c) Numeracy, d) Reading Readiness and e) Construction and Visual Motor- Integration? 3. Is there a significant difference in the mean scores between the pupils with and without Early Childhood Experience (ECE) and their performance? Hypothesis The hypothesis stated below was tested in this study.There is no significant difference in the mean scores between the pupils with Early Childhood Experience (ECE) and those without Early Childhood Experience (ECE) and their performance in terms of the following i. Sensory Discrimination, ii. Concept Formation, iii. Numeracy, iv. Reading Readiness and a. Construction and Visual- Motor Integration? Significance of the Study This study is of brilliance to the pupils, teachers, principals, parents and other researcher for the following reasons Pupils are primary group which the study would benefit.They are the central point to be given much consideration because they are the recipients of this study. They will be assessed and it would be a big help for them to improve their academic performance. Teachers are the facilitators of learning. They may be able to undertake possible teaching alternatives that may be facilitate, enhance and improve their teaching skills to cater the needs of the pupils with and without Early Childhood Experience in order to improve their academic performance. They will specifically take cognizance of their status at present in terms of the problem arising in their own classroom.Likewise, they could assess definitely where the problem lie and thus, make remediation to solve them. Therefore the learners needs would be taken into considerations. The results of this investigating will also help other teacher in the field since the problems embossed here may have also help them to improve the academic performance of their pupils. Principals are the ones who initiate support for every change that happens in the school. Good management and supervision of the school and the teachers, respectively, are the responsibility of the principals.Results which this study tell on may enable the school heads to plan out better and more effective ways to evaluate the academic performance of Grade One pupils with and without Early Childhood Experience. It is very important to take in consideration the needs of Grade One pupils because it is the foundation year for them. In that case the principal ought to have a plan to cater the individual needs of the learner to improve their academic performance to elevate the quality of education in the country.Parents are stakeholders of the school. The findings of this study are important to parents because they need to be informed intimately the performance of their school children in school. Through this, they will know the importance of Early Childhood Experience (ECE) for their children. For this reason, they will send them in preschool. So that their children will not be shocked with their new environment. The parents will work hand and hand with the teacher in facilitating strategies to evaluate the academic performance of the learners.They may also help influencing their children to have a good study habits. Their support to their children and school is important so that the goals will be attained. Other researchers who would be interested with this problem may gain further insights in developing their own research work. The data that will be revealed by this study may be used by other researcher to enhance their own studies. They may also use it as related study or augment data that they have to come up with a more comprehensive knowledge about the problem presented here into.Scope and Limitation of the Study The focus of the study to be conducted is An Evaluation of Academic Performance of Sto. Nino Elementary School, Dapdapan, District, Division of San Pablo City. It limits its coverage on the result of School Readiness Assessment (SReA) which includes the following areas Sensory Discrimination, Concept Formation, Numeracy, Reading Readiness, and Construction and Visual Integration the Pre test and Post test of School Readiness Assessment (SReA) and the instructional module be devised to answer the needs of Grade One pupils.The respondents of the study will be eighty (80) pupils of Sto. Nino Elementary School, forty (40) pupils with Early Childhood Experience (ECE) and forty (40) pupils without Early Childhood Experience (ECE). Definition of Terms For the interpretation of the study, the terms used are defined in order to suspend vagueness or ambiguousness meaning. Therefore, provide the reader a common point of reference. Public Elementary SchoolsThese are school managed, operated and maintained by the national government. It offers curricular programs for Grade One to Six children.Sensory Discrimination These refer to exercises in discriminating simplest form of mental operation tha t was clearly intellective. It includes exercises on identifying same and different shapes. Concept FormationThese refer to exercises that requires the learner to construct the properties of the object from the definition. It includes exercises on completing statements showing simple analogy. Numeracy The term refers the ability to learn the specific tasks in Mathematics like counting, arranging, sequencing sets of objects.The numeracy skills are designed to help with the more advanced levels of mathematics that pupils will encounter during the school lives and also into their adulthood. It includes exercises pointing out which has more or little sets. In this study, it pertains to the level of achievement of the Grade One pupils in different learning skills in Mathematics as perceived by their Grade One teachers. Construction and Visual-Motor Integration These skills refer to the smooth coordination of the eyes and hands working together. Sto. Nino Elementary School Public Element ary school situated in Brgy. Sto.Nino, San Pablo City where the present study is being conducted. Grade One Pupils. Refer to children entering the formal school in the primary grades as prescribed by the Department of Education, whose ages ranges from vi (6) years old and above. Chapter II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES This chapter presents literature and studies which are related to the problem. The materials found in local and foreign books, educational journals and magazines, documents, guidelines and reports by Department of Education provided references. Related Literature Philosophy and Goals of Elementary Education.Philosophy of pre-school education as stated in DECS Memo no. 107 s. 1989 considers the child, the school and the teacher with the support of the family in the maximizing the childs potential. Pre-school education is based on the knowledge that each child is unique individual with his own biological make up, interest, capacities, and ways of viewing the world. He has a tremendous capacity for learning. He is active and understands the world differently from adult. His language has developed with acquisition of wide vocabulary making him capable of communicating his ideas and feelings.A pre-school child is always on the process of becoming, and therefore if properly developed can become a critical thinker and a socially sensitive, directed, creative, responsible and caring individual. Pre-school education must aim to develop children in all aspects physical, social, emotional and cognitive so that they will be better prepared to adjust and cope with life situations and the demands of formal schooling. By doing so, learning gaps and dropouts may be reduced or avoided to the maximum. Objectives of Pre-School education is founded on the following objectives (Inc.DECS Memo No. 45 1995).They are as follows To develop the child in all aspects ( physical, social, emotional and cognitive) so that they may be better prepared to adjust and c ope with the life situations within the context of his experience. To maximize the childs potential through a variety of carefully selected and meaningful experiences considering his interests and capabilities, and To develop the child in all aspects so that he becomes a self- propelling, thinking and contributing individual able to make decisions which all prepare him more complex demands for future life.DepEd Order No. 10, s. 2004 is the legal basis in the implementation of the Enhanced Eight-Week Early Experiences for Grade One. Its main thrust is development of academic skills among learners. It is because most Grade One entrants have not gone through pre-school experiences. Hence, the Early Childhood Experience has been enriched and aligned with the BEC making its inherent part of the Grade 1 Curriculum. In 1995, Early Childhood Experiences for Grade One was institutionalize at the same time as the official age for entry into the primary school was dropped to six years of ag e.All Grade One teachers were requested to implement the Eight-Week Curriculum and gradually move to the regular Grade One curriculum. Pursuant to DepEd Order No. 15, s. 2005, which calls for the administration of School Readiness Assessment for All Grade One Entrants, all incoming Grade 1 shall undergo a school readiness assessment using the revised tool. The School Readiness Assessment (SRA) will be administered by Grade 1 teachers to be assisted by Grade II, III and master teachers of their respective schools. This assessment shall be administered twice. The first assessment given on May.The second shall be administered after the children have undergone 8-week curriculum, focusing on the competencies not manifested by the child during the first assessment. The SRA will determine the level of progress of Grade 1 entrants across different developmental domains that are critical in tracking Grade 1 learning competencies. The result shall be the basis for grouping the Grade 1 entrant s. It will be also used to guide Grade 1 teachers in providing appropriate instruction and assistance to address specific needs of the pupils through the utilization of the 8-week curriculum.The assessment shall not be treated as an entrance test or examination as children may be anxious about passing or failing. No child shall be refused entry to Grade 1 based on the results of this assessment. Educating our children at an early stage will give more chance for young Filipinos in the future to compete for jobs and opportunities in the new world order in which better educated and highly competent persons have become the most valued resources. Giving access to free quality early childhood education will bridge the gap between the rich and the poor that will give our less privileged countrymen a strong foundation for the challenges in the next millennium. (Eduardo J. Angara, 1997) The Early Childhood Care and Development ( ECCD ) Law, enacted in 2000, recognizes the importance of ear ly childhood and its special needs, affirms parents as primary caregivers and the childs first teachers, and collapsees parent effectiveness, seminars and nutrition counselling for pregnant and lactate mothers.The law requires the establishment of a National Coordinating Council for the Welfare of Children which (a) establishes guidelines, standards, and culturally relevant practices for ECCD programs (b) develops a national system for the recruitment, training, and accrediting of caregivers (c) monitors the delivery of ECCD services and the impact of beneficiaries (d) provides excess resources to poor and disadvantaged communities in order to increase the supply of ECCD programs (e) encourages the development of private sector initiatives the Republic Act 6972 known as Barangay (village)Level entirety Protection of Childen Act has a provision that requires all local government units to establish a day-care centre in every village the law institutionalized the features of day-c are programme that provide for young childrens learning needs aside from their health and psychosocial needs.The universalization of early childhood education and standardization of preschool and day care centers was establish though the Executive Order No. 658 of 2008 (Expanding the Pre-School Coverage to Include Children Enrolled in Day Care Centers). (PTFE 2008). According to Clark (2002), in her article First Grade Readiness, there are signs one can look for, to know if a child is a ready for first grade. In the physical realm, the first grade childs limbs are now proportion with the body and head .There is a loss of baby far and greater definition in the face. In the emotional realm, the young child who once expressed strong emotions through sudden outburst now has a feelings that begin to deepen.A child will talk of hurt feelings and being sad. Socially, the first grade ready child begins to form friendships which go deeper than before. The child feels loyalty for friends and often expresses the desire to be with them. In the mental realm, there is the birth of free memory. This is different than the memory of a four year old. The younger childs memory must be triggered by a sight, smell, or rhythmic verse when the memory and recall it will. Kagan (2000) stated that the concept of school readiness has been defined and redefined over the years resulting in differing viewpoints. Several theories of child development and learning have been used to explain the term.In fact, there appears to be two types of readiness readiness to learn, which involves a level of development at which the child has the capacity to learn specific materials, and readiness for school and readiness for school which involve specific set of cognitive, linguistic, social and motor skills that enable a child to assimilate the schools curriculum.According to Quinto (2001) the lowering of entrance to six years old for grade one pupils in the Philippines public elementary schools have cr eated inner tensions, especially to those who had never gone to any kind of school before. So, in order to have a smooth transition from home to school and to prepare them socially, psychologically, the curriculum on the Early Childhood Experiences was recommended for adoption in all public elementary schools. Studies show that childs mind is almost full developed before he reaches the age of five. This presents a need for an organized early childhood education.Pre-elementary or preschool education is one of the latest trends in childhood education which gives equal opportunities to all children at the lowest step of educational ladder. Preschool education holds a prominent place, being that level in the school system wherein children are trained to be better prepared for grade one. For the development of the child, the curriculum focuses on these areas of development physical ( gross and fine motor coordination through play and manipulated activities like games, simple work) cognit ive ( communication skills, sensory-perceptual concepts, numeracy skills) personal social (health habits and independence in dressing, eating, sleeping, toileting relating with teachers, peers and other people through group play and interaction follow rules and routine.Groark (2006) stresses that the school and district administrators, as well as policymakers are increasingly recognizing that early education and discussion services for young children have a direct and positive impact on later school performance and quality. Soliven (1999) stated that an authority on child development, underscores the significance of pre-primary education to the mental development of children citing the results of research which showed that pre-primary education is important to the child, she pointed out the intellectual capacity of the child is most susceptible to reaches a intimately higher rate of intellectual development of Early Childhood especially in a favourable environment. It is apparent that intelligence is best developed in the first six years of life, if the child is exposed to a favourable environment for development during this formative period.Vittetow (1994) former Education Expert of International Cooperation electric pig (ICA) in his Educational Series Bulletin for the Bureau of Public Schools gave growth characteristics of Pre-school Filipino children, which are true to all children at this level of growth and development. tell development and growth includes 1) Physical Characteristics, 2) Mental Characteristics, 3) Social Characteristics, 4) Emotional Characteristics, 5) Spiritual and Moral Characteristics and 6) Aesthetic Characteristics.According to Kats (2001) what the children learn, how they learn, and how much they learn depend on many factors. Among the most important factors are the childs physical well-being, and his emotional and cognitive relationships with those who care for him. The school readiness goal reflects two concerns about the edu cation of young children.The first is that the increasing numbers of young children in poverty, in single-parent households have limited proficiency in English are affected by the drug abuse of their parents have poor nutrition, and receive inadequate health care. The second area of concern involves such matters as the high rates of retention in kindergarten and primary grades, delayed school entry in some districts, segregated transition in classes in others and the increasing use of standardized tests to determine childrens readiness to enter school. Standardized tests used to deny children entrance to school or place them in special classes are inappropriate for children younger than six.These trends are due largely to the fact that an academic curriculum and direct instruction teaching practices that are appropriate for the upper grades have gradually been moved down to the kindergarten and first grade.These two areas of concern suggest that reaching the school readiness goal wi ll require a multiple strategy one part focused on supporting families in their efforts to help their children get ready for school, and the second on helping the schools to be responsive to the wide range of development levels, backgrounds, experiences, and needs of children to bring them in school. Watson (1985) pointed out that groups of children of higher economic status have higher level of intelligence than those promote economic status, the higher their average IQs on Standford Binet or similar verbal test.The mismatch between the schools and children from low income working class families had led to concerted attempts to involve parents from these families in the schools. When the school can involve low-income parents, their childrens school attendance increases, the children are less disruptive in class and less aggressive on the playground, their classwork improves, and they are more likely to complete their homework.If they are raised in emotionally secured homes they tend to be emotionally secured children. If they are raised in homes which lack happiness and have little emotionally security they may in time tend to be unhappy and insecure. However, these differences between higher and lower socio-economic groups may be due to non-intellectual factors.Some of these factors serving to depress intelligence test scores among the lower socio-economic groups could be greater resistance to victorious test, the effect of nutritional deficiencies, different attitudes towards education, suspicion, lack of support and the like. Although any or all of these factors seem reasonable, there are no definite research to establish the answer conclusively. It has been observed that most elementary teachers do not have the necessary educational background to teach visual arts. University of Hawaiis Professor, Dr. Stephanie Feeny (1986) stresses the importance of the arts in the development of the thinking process in children.

Gillian Clarke Essay Example for Free

Gillian Clarke EssayBefore even reading Miracle on St Davids Day, I knew that something very special was going to happen from the word in the title Miracle. Clarkes use of this word suggests that an amazing event is going to occur and that the poem is therefore going to be emotional and poignant. Gillian Clarke uses the first meter of the poem to create a pastoral idyll collectible to the use of personification-An afternoon yellow and open mouthed with daffodils. This conjures a apt and warm image of daffodils with their yellow trumpet open wide, laughing in the sunlight, and it successfully personifies the flowers.Clarke also places people in the description to make it seem even more vivid in our minds-the rumps of gardeners in the midst of nursery shrubs. The line, country house, guests strolling pulls together a vivid image of a beautiful, opening scene in the readers mind. Clarke also introduces the importance of reputation right at the beginning of the poem in this fi rst verse. lAt the start of the second verse, Clarke dramatically dispels the pastoral idyllic that she created in the first verse. I am reading poetry to the insane is a blunt line, completely in contrast to the last verse as it is so insensitive.As readers, we instanter realise the harsh reality of the situation that she is in fact in a mental institution. Clarkes dispelling of the original image is effective because it catches the readers economic aid immediately as it is a completely unexpected twist. It also makes the poem poignant because it makes the readers realise that there is never a perfect place and that there is always suffering around. Clarke goes on in this verse to describe some of the patients around her and the length of their mental disorders-An old cleaning wo mankind interrupting offers as many buckets of coal as I need. Clarke describes the poignant image of a schizophrenic, beautiful boy absorbed in her poetry making us realise that her poetry may be power ful for these people.After verse cardinal, Clarke introduces verse three by stating on a good day, they tell me afterward to channelize how the split between a verse is a like the dramatic split personality of a schizophrenic. In verse three, Clarke goes into more concomitant about her moving surroundings to build up a vivid idea of the situation in the readers mind. She describes ow the sun causes shadows of window veto into the room and how a woman is sitting in these shadows as if she is in a cage. In a cage of first March sun a woman sits. Clarke repeats the word not, not listening, not seeing, not feeling to result in the woman appearing to be trapped inside herself and entirely vacant. at last in this verse, Clarke writes, a big, big mild, man is tenderly led to his chair. The use of the adverb tenderly makes us understand just how much care and attention these people need.Clarke continues with the poems tone of compassion in verse four, by the slow reading caused by sev eral instances of pauses in the line due to commas such as hands on his knees, he rocks . I read to the big, dumb, labouring man as he rocks also brings about the sad guts that although this man seems self-sufficient and big on the exterior he is mild and insecure on the inside and in the mind. Finally Clarke uses an oxymoron, I read to their presences, absences to show how although they are physically in the room, some of their minds arent really there at all.In verse five, Clarkes writing makes everything suddenly change. The slow and serious-minded pace of the poem ends dramatically in a similar way that Clarke destroyed the pastoral idyllic after the first verse. Gillian Clarkes use of beginning rhyme also strongly suggests that something special is about to happen, He is suddenly standing silently, huge and mild but I feel afraid. Clarke then cleverly uses two similes to portray the moment before the man speaks, Like slow movement of spring water or the first bird of the y ear in the prisonbreak darkness.These similes are closely linked to new life spring which is convenient because the poem is set on the first day of spring. We also range from Clarkes use of similes that the man is going to do something new. This is a significant and poignant moment in the poem because the man is so well-built and huge yet what he is about to do is something really big and special for everybody in the room and the reader, the labourers voice recites The Daffodils The reaction to this mans talk is shock and no one is able to speak. The nurses are speechless and prepared for violence from the man but even they freeze.The patients, some of which are seriously mentally ill also suddenly listen, the patients seem to listen. It is effective and poignant, how Gillian Clarke then personifies the daffodils to match the characters and mood of the room. She expresses that even nature outside can react at this incredible moment. The hyperbole that she uses, a thousand, ten t housand is an excerpt from the Wordsworth poem that the man is reciting. Clarke successfully employs this hyperbole to exaggerate the number of daffodils who stop to observe to the man breaking free of speech and his life.I think that the seventh stanza is the most heart-breaking stanza, especially Since the dumbness of misery fell because that implies that the man was once a happy child and only stopped talking and became miserable when something tore his life apart. This is poignant because it makes us imagine tragic events that could have stopped this man from speech and that it really shows the power and impact that poetry can have. I think the daffodils are flame is a very effective and clever way of Clarke to arrest the poem because it is ending with the daffodils where it first started.The way that nature outside corresponds to the event in the room is truly miraculous. In verse six Clarke personifies the daffodils as restrained as wax whilst the man is reciting and the da ffodils are then flame in the last verse during the mans applaud (we can see a fiery theme). The poem is so poignant because of the way Clarke creates successful images and personification so that we can feel we are in the room at the period of the miracle. The pathetic fallacy at the end leaves readers reflective and astounded by the description in poetry of such an amazing account.

The Goal A Process of Ongoing Improvement Essay Example for Free

The Goal A Process of Ongoing Improvement canvassThe two authors are finalising the first comprehensive bibliography on the Theory of Constraints (TOC)23 which is to be published by North River Press, the publishers of several works on TOC, most notably Eli Goldratts seminal works l l-171, such as The Goal, Its Not Luck, and Critical Chain. Based on our extensive search of the literature, this talk allow for move on examples of applications of TOC, and summae important findings on the theory and practice of TOC. Although initially a manufacturing method, TOC has now developed into a theory about management a potent systemic problem structuring and problem solving methodology which can be apply to develop solutions with both intuitive power and analytical rigour. TOC is increasingly being applied to situations outside the manufacturing context, including distribution, marketing, project management, accounting in fact, any situation involving switch oer to a system.1 Int roductionThe main motivation for the research account in this paper was the realisation that TOC is growing very rapidly, and we simply did not know what was out there ie what had already been tackled. Hence our mission two years ago was to conduct a literature search to identify recent works (mostly post 1990). This search has culminated in an annotated bibliography, which is to be published currently by North River Press 23. Alongside this literature research grew a Masters thesis, pulling all this material together, both the theory and the practice. 2This paper will first sketchly outline the background to TOC, and then report on the practice-related material from the survey of published applications and the findings. Readers wishing to gain the benefit of a brimful treatment of this material for a review of the entire TOC field are referred to 2 while those wishing to obtain a copy of the bibliography are referred to 23.In its brief 20-year history, TOC has developed rapidly in terms of both methodology (see for example 6, S) and area of applications (see for example, 191, 271). In the late 1970s, the founder of the Theory of Constraints (TOC), Eliyahu Goldratt, Israeli physicist turned occupation guru, developed a revolutionary method for production scheduling lo which was instark contrast to accepted methods available at the time, such as MRP. central to the TOC philosophy was that any organisation (or system) has a constraint (or small chip of constraints) which dominate the entire system. The secret to success lies with managing these constraints, and the system as it interacts with these constraints, to get the best(p) out of the whole system. The Drum-Buffer-Rope schedulingsystem, together with the general principles espoused in The Goal, were elements of TOC that became part of successful manufacturing management.Even so, some companies failed in their attempts to adopt OPT, the software package based on Goldratts method lo. Such failure was usually diagnosed as an inability or unwillingness by the organisation to discard old traditions, and embrace the upstart philosophy and the new measures that were concomitant with successful adoption. The most common measures that need to be reviewed are accounting measures, as TOC promotes the use of global system-wide measures, rather than topical anesthetic measures. The motivation for this is that if a system as a whole is to achieve its goal, it is best for the systems individual parts to work as a team in sync rather than at their own individual speeds.Given that the major constraint to improvement was the resistance to changing these measures, it is not surprise therefore that this is the direction that TOC followed, to tackle this biggest constraint to adoption behaviours. Thus the TOC Thinking Processes were born a suite of tools that allows people to learn and use the thinking processes that modify them to develop their own solutions to complex problems. This suite o f tools enables compend of a situation, using the rigour of cause and effect thinking following strict logic rules, have with the intuition and knowledge of the persons owning, or intimately involved with, the problem. The TPs enable more complex problems (messes) to be tackled, and have much in common with varied soft systems approaches such as SSM and SODA/cognitive mapping.In our opinion, these thinking processes now offer much to OIUMS practiti unityrs (as well as the more traditional users from the trading operationsManagement field).2 The SurveyThe literature search has uncovered over 310 items on TOC, including 32 books. The majority of these were developing/discussing the methodology from a theoretical viewpoint. numerous an(prenominal) claims were made regarding the benefits of TOC. These included subjoind throughputs, reduced inventories and lead-times, which in turn would lead to higher sales, and improved profits, quality, and customer satisfaction. However we fe lt it would also be helpful to collect together and analyse the actual reported data on the benefits of TOC, to verify or disprove these claims.The literature search identified over one hundred representative studies or vignettes that contained information on the results of applications of TOC. Not all cases or vignettes provided duodecimal data on the results of applying TOC. In total, we were able to collect quantitative data on the application of TOC to seventy-seven different companies. The types of organisations covered by these cases varied from giant multi-national corporations and industry leaders like Boeing and GM, to military organisations lie the US Aii Force, to small town bakeries.The vast majority of TOC applications were in the manufacturing sector. Within this sector, there are significant clusters of applications in the aerospace, apparel, automotive, electronics, furniture, semiconductor, steel and heavy engineering industries. Most of these cogitate on the ma nufacturing operations of each organisation. However, there were several instances of application to administrative functions. Analysis of the frequency of article and book publications per year shows a considerable appendage of publications in recent years. This is fond(p)ly due to the formation of the Constraints Management Special Interest Group within the influential APICS. This year, we have seen a dramatic increase in the number of books published on TOC, withnine new books hitting the shelves, including 6, 21, 26.This takes the total number of books on TOC to 32, since the release of The Goal 151 in 1984. TOC is a complex methodology requiring skill and cooperation to implement. This may be why there have been few complete applications of the methodology reported in the literature. Most applications involve components of the overall philosophy, predominantly the operations management technique, DBR, and the constraint oriented continuousimprovement technique, the Five Foc using Steps. This is significant as many of the results of applications, summarised below, are the result of only the partial power of TOC.The case survey methodology 20 used for data collection has limitations, the main one being the lack of consistency in the reporting conventions. Authors used a range of different frames and methods for reporting results. Thus, there were limitations to the types of data that were usable. However, exemplification size of 78 applications provided sufficient data for robust conclusions for most variables, the only ejection being changes in profitability the small seek size for this is thought to be due to commercial sensitivity.However, this deficiency is made up by a concludeable sample of organisations reporting changes in revenue resulting from the application. In total, a sample of twenty-five -data points were gathered for changes in pecuniary capital punishment. Inherent within the case survey methodology is the potential for bias on th e part of the authors themselves, and academic journal editors. However the latter bias may be mitigated in part, as articles relating to TOC were published in some 83 different journals and magazines.The great majority of applications reported in the literature were conducted in North America. A number of European applications were reported, with only a few cases emerging from the UK and Australasia.2.1 Data AnalysisThis research exercise is believed to be the first published examination of the actual performance of the Theory of Constraints. The table in Appendix 1 gives a selection of the results2. We were initially concerned that there were so many apparent gaps in the data, as it could be argued that these omissions indicate that these factors were not improved, or that only a few factors in each case improved, perhaps even to the detriment of other factors. However, on reflection we recognised there are many valid reasons for such omissions.Firstly, several of the measures use d are essentially measuring the sameeffect eg Lead-time, rack Time and Due Date performance all measure the play alongs ability to respond speedily to customer orders. Thus one would not expect authors to report all measures. Secondly, many companies do not wish to report factors such as financial results, for competitive reasons. Thirdly, many companies adopt TOC with a particular focus, such as to improve due date performance and may fail to give much attention to effects outside this focus.Furthermore, it is a lot difficult to collect hard data people do not always take measurements before they make changes they may not envisage how effective this approach will be often they have tried other methods before, and the results have not been noteworthy, so why should this method be any different? Sometimes the results are simply too hard to calculate eg to calculate the Inventory figures using Goldratts definition (see 6, 161 or 27) is problematic if the companys accounts are p repared using normal cost To our knowledge, the only other published survey of applications to date is that by Noreen, Smith and Mackey 27, which reported in deepness on 25 organisations that were using TOC. The complete table runs to some 7 pages, so is not included here due to the page limit.accounting conventions (GAPP), as produce with Expozay showed 22. Or they may have changed the way they measure Inventory as part of the change to TOC, and hence any reported figures would be misleading. Another reason might be that people would prefer not to know how bad things really are at the start.Finally, when taken in context of the articles themselves, it is apparent that the authors considered TOC to be a success. For all these reasons, the gaps in the data are not considered to be unreasonable.The data available was analysed using Exploratory Data Analysis methods.2.2 Findings of the analysisThe results of the analysis of reported changes in operational and financial performance, resulting from the application of TOC, are summarised below Lead-Times have in mind Reduction 69 %A mean reduction in lead-time of 69% emerged from the sample of thirty-twoobservations, all of which reported reductions. Over three quarters of the sample experienced reductions in lead-time greater than 50%Cycle-Times Mean Reduction 66%In every case where changes in cycle-time were reported, the reports showed a decrease, or improvement in cycle-time. Fourteen observations made up the sample for change in cycle-times.Due-Date-Performance Mean Improvement 60%Improving due-date-performance is synonymous with meeting delivery promises to customers. A mean improvement of 60% emerged from the sample. Twelve observations made up the sample for change in due-date-performance. Several organisations experienced improvements of over 100%.Inventory Levels Mean Reduction 50%Reducing inventory is associated with reducing lead-times in a DBR system. A mean inventory reduction of 50% resulted from the sample of 28 observations. Lead-Time and Inventory Reduction Correlation 0.77Goldratt and Fox (1986) claim that when DBR is applied to a manufacturing system, the reduction in lead-time is strongly correlated with the reduction of inventory level. This research verifies the claims of Goldratt and Fox, as shown by a 0.77 Spearrnans Rank Correlation. This analysis was conducted on a sample of xiii observations where organisations provided data on changes to both lead-times and inventory levels. Revenue / Throughput Mean Increase 68% (outlier exclusive)This variable represents the amount of money coming into the organisation. All reports represented increases in revenue or throughput. The impressive mean increase of 68% excludes one outlier, a 600% increase at Lucent Technologies achieved within one year. Five organisations, from the sample of eighteen, reported increases in revenues in excess of lOO%, within one financial year.Combined Financial Variable Mean Increase 82 % A samp le of twenty-five observations for the combine revenue / throughput / profit variable revealed a mean increase of 82%, excluding the 600% increase at Lucent Technologies. 2.3 Conclusions from this analysisl In the survey of over 100 cases, no failures or disappointing results were reported. l Some substantial improvements in operational variables as well as financial variables were reported. On average, inventories were reduced by 50%, production times (measured by lead-times, cycle times or due date performance) improved by over 60%, and financial measures improved by over 80%. In addition, inventory reductions were accompanied by lead-time reductions a feat not matched by JIF. l The vast majority of cases reported only partial applications of TOC. We are left to wonder whether improvements would have been even greater had more of the methodology been applied.l The entire survey revealed over 300 articles and books on TOC, of which only a handful contained negative comments, and n one of these related to actual applications of the methodology.While there were several papers reporting computer simulations comparing TOC with other scheduling methods, typically MRP and JIT, none showed TOC to be inferior to other methods most showed a significant advantage on most measures. l TOC evokes some emotive responses, which is not surprising given that TOC challenges some fundamental notions.l The technical solution to dramatically improving financial and operational performance, is comparatively simple to identify (especially in hindsight4) l The major difficulty is overcoming the behavioural tendency of resistance to change. l TP applications commonly find that primal core problems are erroneous or deficient measurements, policies and/or training. Often these are found to be outdated, and no longer consistent with the companys goal.l Not surprisingly, our enquiries and experience have identified a great number of other applications that have not been published in ma ny instances the results will never be published, because the focus is on internal change management for competitive advantage.

Business Ethics And Surrounding Theories Philosophy Essay

product line line Ethics And Surrounding Theories Philosophy EssayBusiness ethical motive for kind of some fourth dimension now has been a global issue as the case maybe in air deliveries. Business ethics may be defined as delegacy managers make out finality that will make their avocation record to be morally sound in championship deed. It entails that hydrofoil is demand in conclusion making, ethical issue in business delivery is very vital to nurse the image of the comp any(prenominal) (Boat decline 2007). Business ethics helps managers to repel the right finale in business transaction in other(a) to keep their business moving at a rapid increase in the economy (Nash 1990) Ethics can also be defined as the study of how morality are involve in human decision to build their business disposition (Borland 1999).Ethical solution to business transaction has a lot possible solution to make business to deliver it objectives. The term ethics also has another, quite d ifferent use as the case may be which is to denote the field of moral philosophy. Every manager has a charge to show transparency and accountability to the business approach, in other to make the right decision in business.ETHICAL THEORIESTeleological frameworks these are the conduct of an person or the outcome of an individual action.(mill, 1864).Ethical egoism entails that the decision that individual take will be in mutual interest of the organisation and balance it to be mutual beneficial in business transaction. Ego is derived from a Latin word meaning self, ethical egoism allows for self-interests to play a role in the actions of the individual as long as there are also corroborative benefits for others. The level of rationalization may evolve into the justification that pursuing a person self- interest is necessary to generate a positive outcome for others.(Beauchamp and Bowie 1997).Deontological frameworks This aspect focuses whether the action is right or wrong on ethica l issues. The duty of the person taking such decision is highly portion outed as the case may be in ethics. Ethical theories these theories involves the way or approach which are linked with philosophical empiricism and utilitarianism.(George 1999). The act of utilitarianism deals with the decision that one will take which will make him feel relax in business transaction and the outcome of the business will be positive depending on the application. The overtop utilitarian states that the decision the managers will result in potential rules of action. (Graham 1990). Business reputation in the context of business to business, deals with a way manager relate with other vital issue which will protect the image of the company. If adherence to the rule produces much positive result than otherwise, it is a rule that morally will be highly considered. The distinction between act and rule utilitarianism is found on the outcome should be highly considered in calculating the found on busi ness related issues.UTILITARIANISMAccording to utilitarianism, our obligation or duty in any situation is to perform the action that will result in the possible balance of good over evil. ln classical utilitarianism, pleasure is taken to be more beneficial to compare with pain and harms which are evil.Rule or outcome of utilitarianism stipulated some issue which are questionable in its conduct in decision making process, in some specific circumstances the outcome is not favourable. Rule utilitarianism add, however that some times their are level of consideration in decision making that managers will take in other to make the right decision in business delivery. However, within rule utilitarianism there is a distinction between the strictness and absolutism of this particular branch of utilitarianism. Strong Rule Utilitarianism is an absolutist theory, which frames strict rules that apply for all people and all time and may never be broken. According to John Stuart Mill that managers should be keen in taking decision that will produce a positive output in business transaction. An example would be utilitarian might say do not lie, if the decision will yield profit that managers should consider the decision.EGOISM All philosophical egoism holds that there are relationships between how people react to business decision that will influence them positively. The psychological egocentric entails that managers will hide some decision because they have interest on it.PSYCOLOGICAL EGOISM these entail the psychoanalysis that are involved in human actions and how managers take a positive decision in business transaction (Derry, 1987).The psychological egoist might reply that some such of the decision that managers will take are for the best interest of the company. After all, the manager did what he most wanted to do, and so must have been pursuing his perceived business decision that will make him to maximize profit. In one sense, this is true. If self-interest is conside red with the satisfaction of all of ones preferences, then all deliberate action is self-interested at least if intentional actions are always explained by citing the reason why such decision is taking in business transaction. Psychological egoism turns out to be the way managers behave and relate their decision in business delivery. They intend an empirical theory that, like other such theories, it is at least possible to contradict by observation in business decision (Freeman 1993).The psychological egoist entails why the decision of managers always influence the outcome of the company output in business transaction because they have interest. Perhaps as infants we have only self-regarding desires we come to desire other things, such as doing our duty, by learning that these other things satisfy our self-regarding desires in business transaction . We pursue the other things for their own reason or effect because the reason why the are considered are vital in decision making. Eve n if this picture of development is true, however, it does not defend psychological egoism, since it admits that we sometimes ultimately aim at things other than our welfare because of business reputation. Business decision that are volatile should not be taking for granted because it will tarnish the image of the company or their reputation. The managers decision should be at a level that will be fair in business transaction, even if he would not have to negotiate but allow the outcome of the decision be positive (Freeman 1993).RATIONALIZING UNETHICAL BEHAVIOURSEthics is about being and doing the right thing, not just presenting the right idea. When a corporation do some decision it might be ethical or unethical depending on the situation. Managers may try the short cut in other to raise their share prices, ultimately trying to satisfy or please the shareholders and increase their own bonuses.(Murray 2004).The institute of business ethics has a three cardinal psyche that deals with ethical test that are involve in business decision making. According to the statement that business reputation has being on the down shield front way that the level of business transparency has been reduced drastically. Transparency these involves sharing idea to others in the process of decision making .it also means making ones actions known to others when discussion are going on in a critical manner. It also entails that the more open a person in discussing his or her action to others, the more comfortable the person who are involve will feel that the decision is right in business transaction.(Bentham 2008).Effect these are the stir the decision has on individual or parties that are involved. Decision makers will always be involve or aware of who will be straight or indirectly influenced by their actions. The decision taken may be ethical or unethical business standard depending on the application.(Bantam 2008).Fairness these involve making a decision that are fair to a ll in an ethical ways and even considering unethical ways. All the ethical theories above shows that business reputation needs a total overhaul as the case may be in business delivery.(Bentham 2008).EXAMINING REPUTATION IN BUSINESS moral philosophyBusiness reputation has been on the downward because of ethical violation which the decision makers thought to be small. The decision makers have to consider the corporate code of ethics, lord will feel the small ethical violation is all right and will begin to justify all ethical lapses, no matter the surface (Kant 2004).Moreover, business reputation in the market place should be a positive reputation. A lot of companies are trying all they can to protect the image of their company. Business reputation is a precious commodity, a lot of companies work hard to protect or maintain the image they have created. many an(prenominal) companies have realized that ones these image has been tarnished that is always difficult to restore. As an ap plied discipline, business ethics can be viewed as a way doing business in a responsible manner. Business operates on the underlying value of trust. it takes only one choice to change or tarnish the image of a company business reputation (Boatright 2007).CASE STUDIESMr Cameron is trying to breathe a new life into an initiative which he believes is often misunderstood and unfairly mocked. He said is vision is to restore the broken auberge with the puffy society.David Cameron chief policy adviser Steve Hilton has been trying to stop him from doing deep think stuff at the moment and also tried to reduce or induce the prime minister vision or idea on big society.(Easton,2011).According to Easton has announce his plain cash for charities, more places in the National citizen service and new details of creating a big society rim with 200 million.Cameron quotes that their are three primaeval strands to the big society1. Encouraging social and voluntary action.2. Decentralising power.3. Reforming public services.Analysing Camerons quote in the big society with Deontological frameworks. These are the application of deontological approach in dealing with a volatile economy. Deontological focuses on whether the decision is favourable or not, it focuses on the duty or obligation in determining whether the action is right or wrong. (Stawick 2010).He focuses more on cuts and the other hand encouraging social and voluntary action.Under the above analysis of the prime minister on big society, he is using deontological approach on the society at large. According to Nigel carshew who ask a very vital question why is the big society bank not a social enterprise? The statement shows that the level of transparency in business reputation of big society is questionable. One of the effect is that the money which is been invested is a public money and at the same time use it to enrich the shareholders pocket.(Cohen ,2011).There is increasing evidence that council are choosing to s lash grants rather than see frontline services. Everyone assume its the cuts that are damaging us. But, letting local authorities do what they want with money is hurting us just as much (Collins 2011). lofty BANK OF SCOTLANDAccording to Philip (2011) he stressed that a lot of bankers are paid above their average pay while the Bank of England deputy regulator said that bank should be allowed to fail without the tax payers money (Philip 2011).Royal bank of Scotland has been allocating bonuses and paying their staff above normal average pay which made the bank to go bankrupt in business delivery. This is an ethical issue in business reputation because they are using tax payers money for their personal use. Bankers were active sharing money in the boom years and the tax payers are now paying for the cost of their failure. (Tucker 2011).The bank has shared above 280 million pounds on bonuses to their bankers which has led to a collapse in the banking sector.CONCLUSIONThe ethical busine ss standard that is involved in business delivery above shows that business reputation is a precious commodity. According to David Rosser quote that Business reputation has been on a downward trend for too long and is a concern to increment number of business leaders. Dr Barry morgan,the arch bishop of Wales quote that MBA graduate should be taking a hypocritical oath upon completion of their degree.According to Dr Barry Morgan, he is pointing his view based on religious aspect not in business transaction that MBA graduate should play it according to the rules upon the oath taken like the medical doctors. Business reputation has two sides one is ethical and the other is unethical depending on the application in business transaction. Business reputation has been on the downward trend for too long because managers of business has being taking ethical issues for granted in their business to business transaction. Under the above assumptions on big society, business reputation has been reduced in the area of transparency and accountability. Royal Bank of Scotland decision to give their staff bonuses with depositors funds have jeopardized their business reputation and at the same time make the managers decision questionable.

Influence of Mass Media on Teenagers

Influence of Mass Media on TeenagersMass media plays a significant role in todays world. It broadcasts informationas fast as possible as well provides entertainment to massive audiences. Mass Media comprises of press, boob tube, radio, books and the Internet. Media is single of the roughly influential aspects of our lives. By creating a certain type of message, media can manipulate peoples attitude and opinions. Over the years, as technological advances throw taken place this type of communication has get under hotshots skin very easy and feasible to have. Almost each household now owns an meshwork connection, television or a cell phone etc. This has led to a widespread usage of mass media, in particular among the teenagers.The fact that there was a time when the internet, television and cell phones were considered a necessity but now they collectm to be more of a commodity teenagers seem addicted to pretty frequently explains that there is bound to be a downside to the i nfluence mass media has on teens. The teenagers of today seem too absorb in watching their front-runner shows on television or using social media applications on their phones or computers that they ar slowly losing touch with reality. They have become addicted. There argon many consequences to this wheezy addiction. One becomes lazy and does not feel the need to get up and do something productive. It leads to obesity and tiredness. It as well leads to unhealthy consumption of junk or fast food. I say this from my personal experience, as I always feel the need to have pizza or chips along with a beverage when Im watching a show or a movie. Teenagers also tend to blow over hours over the internet interacting with strangers who could pose as a threat as it is easy to fake an identity over the internet. They would very much prefer using Facebook, Twitter or Tumblr etc. instead of studying or doing an outdoor activity. Therefore, this addiction can be very destructive. A cross sect ional study was carried out in Spain in 2003 to define mass media use in teenagers (television, mobile phones, computers, Internet and video games) and to examine its influence on teenagers health and development. The data collected was ground on a sample of 884 teenagers between the ages of 14 and 18 years. The sample was retrieved from high schools residing in six towns in Cantabria (Spain). The results showed that all adolescents had a television at home and 24% of the families owned four or more TV sets. The presence of mass media in teenagers rooms was 52.5% for TV sets, 52% for the internet, 57.8% for computers, and 38.7% for gaming consoles. The most frequently found media in their bedrooms were cassette/radio players and compact disks with percentages of 76.8 % and 67.4 %, respectively. Furthermore, teenagers spent on clean 3 hours on television on weekdays and 3.2 on weekends. They spent 0.69 hours on average on weekdays and 1.09 hours on the weekend. On internet they spe nt on average 0.83 hours on the weekdays and 1.15 hours on the weekend. Other results of the study showed that rough 87.2 % of the teenagers owned a cell phone. The average age at which they got their first phone was 13 years old. Almost half the teenagers (46.4 %) took their mobile phones to high school and reported that they had an average of three mobile phones at home. Also most of them (82.1 %) surfed the internet but boys preferred surfing and downloading games whereas girls preferred chatting and sending e-mails. Sixty-two percent of the teenagers had been to a cybercaf and 40.8 % had visited a pornographic website, especially boys (33.1 % of boys versus 7.7 % of girls p Mass media is a very powerful tool to influence the minds of anyone, let alone a teenager. Teenagers atomic number 18 in that dress of growing up where everything around them influences them. The way they talk, dress and act depends a lot on what they are exposed to. For example, if a teenager sees his or her favourite celebrity endorsing a product which may or may not be necessary, he or she may want to buy it regardless of how effective the product is. This is a strategy many big businesses use to their advantage as they can easily sell products, even if they are of bad quality. advert is a very manipulative technique to promote products. Special attention needs to be paid to advertisings effects. Three product categories are especially important for teens health cigarettes, inebriantic beverages, and food. According to the teen marketing experts, adolescents admit that advertising is a more important trend source than DJs, VJs, movies, celebrities, or the coolest and weirdest people at school (P, 1995). We must be alert nearly the effects of advertising that deliberately exploit the insecurities of adolescents and attempt to sell them the answers to their problems with an abundance of refreshful products.Television is a medium people widely now have easy access to. Nowadays, there are many shows such(prenominal) as pause Bad, Game of Thrones and Da Vincis Demons etc. on television that glorify sex, drugs, alcohol and violence. Online streaming and downloading has made it even more convenient to watch shows and films which federal agency that teenagers have easier access to their favourite shows that contain obscenity. This kind of exposure poses as a threat as many teenagers find sex, drugs, alcohol, smoking and violence to be cool. As a result, many teenagers fall prey to problem of addiction. Drugs, alcohol, smoking and sex are all termed as things that are addictive and if one develops the problem of addiction, life becomes really hard to cope with. Its like you are moving towards your own destruction. It must be quite a argufy for adolescents not to see portrayals of alcohol in their everyday use of the media. Alcohol appears in more than 70% of prime-time television shows and in 90% of the movies (Roberts DF, Henriksen L, Christenson PG, 1999). Greater than one third of all main characters drink alcohol, but fewer than 2% are shown as having a drinking problem (N, 1987). Advertising links alcohol with a variety of benefits that appeal to teenagers such as socializing, virility, sexual attraction, romance, escape, and adventure (Atkin CK, Strasberger VC, Comstock GA (eds), 1993), and few consequences (e.g., hangovers, accidents, violence, and embarrassment). Alcohol advertising also often represents slices of life that undertake on the drinkers and the drinking occasions rather than on the qualities of the product itself, which may be particularly appealing to teens who are using the media for ideas about how to be in the world.Video games are vastly played by the teenagers of today. The video games are highly addictive as well contain a lot of acquire content. In US about 97% of the teens play video games. The local video game industry over there brings in nearly a revenue of $12 billion a year. Many studies have shown t hat video games with violent content are associated with violent behavior. This concern is important because most of the usual video games contain violence. The increase in aggressive behavior is partly linked to the amount of time teens spend on playing video games. (Gentile Anderson, 2003) have stated that playing video games may increase aggressive behaviour because violent acts are frequently repeated throughout the video game. This process of repeating has long been considered as an effective teaching method in streng thusing learning patterns.Another study carried out in 2008 took a nationally interpretive program sample of 1,102 adolescents between the ages of 12 and 17 and their parents. From the results, it was found that 97 percent of the young respondents play video games. Further divided on the basis of gender, 99 percent of boys and 94 percent of girls played video games. Half the respondents had also played a video game the previous day. This emphasizes on how freq uently they are exposed to video games. Even though most parents checked the censors rating before permitting their child to buy it, 50 percent of boys and 14 percent of girls preferred games with Mature (M) or Adult-only (AO) rating, which implies a high degree of exposure to obscenity. (Irvine, 2008) This preference is due to the impact of mass media. It is slowly becoming a norm that children are exposed to such stuff at such a tender when they are learning things that shape up their personality. This is why such exposure can be damaging. I know people who like go to parties, and smoke just because it is something everyone does or something that you casually see on television or in video games.Since media has the ability to manipulate peoples mind and attitudes, it also influences gender stereotypes. Advertising, news industries and entertainment, usually portray men and women with stereotypes, in which women and girls are likely to be placed in disadvantaged situations, for exam ple passive and submissive roles. This happens a lot in third world countries e.g. Pakistan. several(prenominal) TV shows and commercials show women usually playing the role of a housewife while men are shown to be more career-oriented, focusing on their occupations. As a consequence, traditional gender roles and power relations have been deeply imputed in peoples sub-consciousness through the mass media which limits the development of human personalities as well as social equality. When youngsters look at advertisements, TV shows or films, they are exposed to images of stereo typical representations. This stereotyping can be seen for all ages. For example, you can see little girls playing with Barbie Dolls and Teddy bears or having tea parties while boys are shown playing with action figures. Male teenagers are usually portrayed as garish whereas female teenagers are shown as girls who have interest in fashion. Women are more often presented in commercials doing grocery because th ey are seen as responsible for making daily purchases. Men commonly advertise cigarettes, cars, business productsor investments, whilewomen are shown rather in the commercials with cosmetics, shoes, bags and clothing. Another important distinction is the face-ism phenomenon inthe advertisements, which refers to showing the entire figure in case of a woman and close-up shots in case of a man (Matthews, J.L, 2007). All of this indirectly injects the idea in the minds of the people that girls and boys should be educated differently. It is typical for girls to be tender and have concerns with being beautiful and popular, while boys are encouraged to be tough and consider more about their careers than appearance. Therefore, teenage boys and girls birth and reflect as the expectation of their society and culture instead of the way they really want.If we look at the other side of the argument which talks about mass media as a lordly influence on teenagers we can see that mass media is th e reason why communication is now so much easier and quicker than in the past. The internet is one of the most widely used mediums nowadays. With the help of social media apps such as Facebook, Twitter, WhatsApp etc. one can turn over with friends and family easily, especially those who live far away at a cheaper cost in comparison to making phone calls or travelling expenses. Mass media also keeps people up-to-date on events happening around the world within a short amount of time. For example, if a far-famed personality passed away you willing hear this immediately. Media keeps you informed. It also helps in other things like entertainment and gaining knowledge.Also Mass media is a good way to promote positive messages to teens. Since teens are immersed in media culture, it is wise to use that platform as a means to promote information and education about a variety of things that affect teenagers such as mental illnesses, sexually transmitted diseases, drug use or even suicide. The More You Know is an Emmy Award-winning series of Public Service Announcements(PSAs) which broadcasts on theNBCfamily of bring in the US and other locations. Even though not all of the messages chip inn out are geared towards teens, many of these short, 90 minute commercials give messages that educate and inform teenagers of the possible consequences of certain behaviours.The More You Know has dealt with smoking, driving, suicide and even safe sex. Another good example is of Doves Real Beauty ply. With this disturb Dove has used their advertising for a greater good. Doves Real Beauty Campaigntargets self-esteem and has also been selecting real women and girls in their campaigns rather than overseer thin models. Theyve also have taken a multi-media approach using an interactive website and in-person education to encourage girls, particularly to feel good about their bodies and appreciate themselves the way they are (Delp). Yes, media helps us cause awareness quite easily and the The More You Know and Doves Real Beauty Campaign are wonderful campaigns to raise awareness and help people with low-self-esteem but many teenagers are still widely exposed to ideal body types which are considered attractive therefore, it is hard to change their mind-set.It is important to be aware of mass media and the impact it has on teenagers, especially for parents, because they need to be aware of how it is affecting their child. If parents are more aware, they can be more understanding and helpful towards their children. The disadvantages are rather more important than the advantages because if one does not think about them then one will also not be able to come up with solutions and there can be severe consequences. Parents firstly need to puddle that it is impossible to separate a teens life from media, especially in todays world. However, parents can take the lead in restricting usage by spending more time with their teens and consistently discussing matters that are affecting mass media and teenagers. Parents should encourage their children for more outdoor activities as well limit the time their teenagers spend on the watching television and surfing the internet. Also since advertising is a very powerful tool, it could be used in a more positive way to put better influence on teenagers.Mass media has both negative and positive influences on teenagers as it can be seen from the points mentioned above. While I do not deny nor disregard the fact that mass media has indeed made lives easier, its negative influences still outweigh the positive ones in my opinion. As the famous saying goes, that everything is good in moderation. Therefore the extensive usage of mass media is now leading to more problems than the benefits it is providing us with.BibliographyAtkin CK, Strasberger VC, Comstock GA (eds). (1993). Effects of media alcohol messages on adolescent audiences. Adolescent Medicine State of the Art Reviews, 527-541.Delp, V. (n.d.). Mass Media an d Teenagers. Retrieved from Love To Know Teens http//teens.lovetoknow.com/Mass_Media_and_TeenagersGentile, D. A., Anderson, C. A. (2003). Violent video games The newest media violence hazard. D. A. Gentile (Ed.), Media violence and children.Irvine, M. (2008, September 16). assess 97 Percent Of Children Play Video Games. Retrieved from The Huffington Post http//www.huffingtonpost.com/2008/09/16/survey-97-percent-of-chil_n_126948.htmlMass media consumption in adolescence. (2005). An Pediatr (Barc), 63, 516-525.Matthews, J.L. (2007). Hidden sexism Facial prominence and its connections to gender and occupational berth in popular print media. Sex Roles A Journal of Research, 57, 515-525.N, S. (1987). Drinking, sex, and violence on television The cultural indicators perspective. 17, 245-260.P, Z. (1995). Wise Up to Teens Insights into Marketing and Advertising to Teenagers.Roberts DF, Henriksen L, Christenson PG. (1999). nitty-gritty use in popular movies and music.Zeiger, S. (n.d.). The Media Affects a Teens Body Image. Retrieved from Love to know teens http//teens.lovetoknow.com/The_Effects_Media_Has_on_Teenagers_Body_Image

An Analysis of Starbucks Essay -- Business Management SWOT

An Analysis of StarbucksCompany HistoryStarbucks was assailableed its first coffee company in Seattles Pike placeMarket on 1971. The propose was taken from the first mate in HermanMelvilles Moby Dick (Company Profile, 2005).ProductsBeverages Brewed coffees, Italian-style espresso, cold blendedbeverages, roasted whole bean coffees, tea products, fruit juice,sodas, and coffee liqueur. regimen Sandwich, Salads, pastries and ice creams.Non food items Mugs, Travel tumblers, coffeemakers, coffeegrinders, storage containers, compact discs, games, seasonal noveltyitems, Starbucks card, media bar.International Business DevelopmentIn order to achieve Starbucks bearing to be a global company, thedevelopment strategy that Starbucks implemented to adapt with varietymarket and local need are joint ventures, licenses and company haveoperation (Starbucks Corporation, 2005).There are 4,666 Starbucks stores which are operated and 2,222 are commissioned operation in US which are spread out in 50 st ates. For the foreign location, Starbucks store can be found in 34 countriesoutside of the United States and 1,049 stores are company ownedoperated in Australia, Canada, chinaware, Germany, Singapore, Thailand andthe U.K. and 1,734 are joint ventures and licensed operation (CompanyFact Sheet, 2005).Starbucks goes International1996 Starbucks open in Tokyo, Japan. Nowadays, there are more than 500retails shops in Japan. Furthermore, Starbucks also open in Hawaii andSingapore.1997 Starbucks open in Philippines1998 Starbucks open in U.K., Taiwan, Thailand, New Zealand andMalaysia.1999 Starbucks open in Beijing, Kuwait, South Korea and Lebanon.2000 Starbucks open in United... ...rieved http//www.euromonitor.com/article.asp?id=5341&print=trueMiller M, P. (July-August 2004). Quick Service Hits China. The ChinaBusiness Review. Retrieved August 19, 2005, from Business SourcePremium database Chris B. (2004), Chinese wake up and smell the coffee, Retrievedfromhttp//web4.epnet.com/citation.as p.Gray J. (2005), sparing of China, International EconomyInvestigation Institution, China, Retrievedhttp//www.economywatch.com/world_economy/china/.Hope L. (2004), Coffee brews a future in China, Retrievedhttp//www.itmonline.org/arts/coffee.htmKristen M. B. (2005), Starbucks Adjusts Its Formula in China,Retrieved http//web4.epnet.com/citation.asp.Linda Q. (2004), Strategic Analysis for vanquish Coffee in China,Faculty of Business Administration, Guangdong University, Retrievedhttp//web4.epnet.com/citation.asp