Abraham Maslows Life and the Development of his...

Abraham Maslow was born on April 1st, 1908 in Brooklyn, New York. He also grew in Brooklyn. He was the first of seven children born to a jewish family. His parents had emigrated from Russia. Maslow usually describes his childhood as quite unhappy and miserable, being one of seven children he was not paid attention to as much as the others and was forced to be on his own. He and his father were constantly fighting with each other. His father was constantly pushing him to excel in areas that were of absolute no interest to him. His father loved things, but not him. He liked drinking and women, but he regarded his son as stupid and ugly. His mother did not treat her son any differently, in fact, she most likely was worse than her husband. Abraham despised his mother most of all because she kept a lock on the refrigerator door and only unlocked it when she felt like it. One instance of his mother’s hatred is shown when Maslow decided to bring home two kittens that were dying in th e streets. She found Maslow feeding them milk and decided to smash the kittens heads against the basement wall right in front of Maslow. All in all, Maslow does not get along with his parents very well. He did not even attend the funeral of his mother because the hatred for her continued until the end of his life for he never forgave her, for she never exhibited any signs of love for him or his family. At the end of his life he died in California on June 8th, 1970 due to a heart attack. For hisShow MoreRelatedBiological and Humanistic Approaches to Personality Essay747 Words   |  3 PagesBiological and Humanistic Approaches to Personality Valerye Rogers PSY/250- Psychology of Personality Michael Moore, Instructor February 21, 2011 Biological and Humanistic Approaches to Personality In the following, the author will discuss and analyze the biological and humanistic approaches to personality. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs will be discussed and examined. The author will describe biological factors that influence the formation of personality. The author will examine the relationshipRead MoreComparison of Erikson and Maslow1059 Words   |  5 Pagesof Erikson and Maslow Personality affects many aspects of life. It influences behavior and social relations. Erik Erikson is a theorist known for his stages of personality development. He explains that certain stages of development affect personality in separate ways. Abraham Maslow is a theorist known for his hierarchy of needs. He explains that fulfilling needs influences personality. This paper will discuss personality characteristics of both theories and how personality affects situational behaviorRead MoreThe Theory Of Human Development Theory1642 Words   |  7 PagesHuman development theories are theories intended to account for how and why people become, as they are. These theories provide the framework to clarify and organize existing observations and to try to explain and predict human behavior. It is important to recognize the complexity of human development and the theories that explain human development. (Berger, pg. 23). The three theories that have influenced by development are Jean Piaget ’s Cognitive Theory, Abraham Maslow’s Humanism and Erik Erikson’sRead MoreHumanistic Approach1074 Words   |  5 Pagesapproaches to personality can be a difference of opinions. Abraham Maslow studied the development of personality. Maslow developed his own personality theory based on the basic human needs. His hierarchy of needs pyramid shows the influences of human needs to the formation of unique individual personality. There are biological factors that influence the formation of individual personality that play a factor. By reviewing the relationships between biological factors and Maslow s theory of personalityRead MoreBehavioral and Social/Cognitive Approaches to Forming Habits Paper1082 Words   |  5 PagesBiological and Humanistic Approaches to Personality Paper PSY/250 Traci Petteway January 12, 2013 University of Phoenix There are similarities and differences when analyzing the components of biological and humanistic approaches to personality. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs express important aspects of biological factors that approaches personality. Abraham Maslow hierarchy of needs focused on a theory of human motivation, management training, and personal development. Maslow divided organismic needsRead MoreDescription in Detail of the Humanistic Theories by Rogers and Maslow1517 Words   |  7 Pagesperson-centred theory and Abraham Maslow who has developed a hierarchy of needs, where he emphasized on self-actualization. There is an evaluation on both Rogers and Maslow theories, on how they are based on their own assumptions and views, and I apply Maslow’s theory of self-actualization into my own personal life. 2. Description in detail of the Humanistic theories by Rogers (person-centred) and Maslow (self-actualization) and the evaluation of both theories. 2.1 Rogers (person-centred theory) humanisticRead MoreMaslows Theory1321 Words   |  6 PagesTheorist’s Biography Abraham Harold Maslow, the founder of humanistic psychology, was born in New York City on April 1, 1908 and died at home in California in 1970 (Maslow, Abraham Hutchinson Encyclopedia of Biography, 2010) (Abraham H. Maslow: a Bibliography: Professional biography, 1970). He received his AB, MA, and PhD in psychology from the University of Wisconsin (1970). His work as a United States (U.S.) psychologist started in 1932 after he started working as a teaching fellow (1970). MaslowRead More Psychologist’s Theory Essay528 Words   |  3 Pagespsychologist’s theory best describes your own personality?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Personality can best be described as â€Å"personal qualities of an individual†. No two people have the same personality, but yet all the different personalities in the world can be characterized into 4 main theories. The four psychologists that thought up the four theories are Sigmund Freud, Jean Piaget, Erik Erikson, and Abraham Maslow. (pg.64) Each man based his theory on a different part of a person’s personality development. The theory thatRead MoreA Case Study On Shazad Hussain Essay1149 Words   |  5 Pagescase study will focus on the developmental theories of Erik Erikson, Abraham Maslow, and Carl Rogers as they are applied to Shazad. Situational evidence from Shazad’s life is provided to either support or refute the theories of these renowned psychologists. A Case Study of Shazad Hussain In the following assignment I am going to conduct a human growth and development case study on Shazad Hussain. I will outline the different patterns of development in middle adulthood, such as physical, cognitiveRead MoreMaslow s Motivation And Personality1604 Words   |  7 Pageseditor of the third edition of Maslow’s Motivation and Personality, the theorist Abraham Maslow was born in 1908 in Brooklyn, New York. He was the first of seven children born to Russian - Jewish immigrants. While Maslow’s father was uneducated, he pushed his son academically and encouraged him to become a lawyer. Maslow began his extensive education at City College of New York but later told his father that he did not want to study law. In 1928, after marrying his wife Berta, he transferred to

Edgar Allen Poe Analytical Essay - 2208 Words

When looking at a piece of literature through a psychological approach it is easy to apply Sigmund Freud’s theories of the id, ego, and superego, which focus on conscious and unconscious behavior. When analyzing many of Poe’s works, critics tend to look through a psychological lens. Specifically in Poe’s The Black Cat. Some critics believe that Poe’s alcoholism is reflected in the piece, but many, such as James W. Gargano â€Å"advised the tales readers to avoid the biographical pitfall of seeing Poe and the first-person narrator of The Black Cat as ‘identical literary twins’† (Piacentino 1). It is due to his childhood that Poe’s narrator in The Black Cat subconsciously places animals before humans, thus leading to him to murder his wife.†¦show more content†¦Freud interpreted these theories, and came up with his own theory that â€Å"intrapsychic conflicts (conflicts with in the individual) between basic biological urg es and societal standards lead to abnormal behavior† (Bruce 2). Sigmund Freud’s theories are relevant because subconsciously Poe’s narrator in The Black Cat has suppressed his negative feelings toward humans. It is this precise unconscious thinking that Freud bases human nature upon. Understanding how ones mind works is important in order to analyze ones actions. This is important in The Black Cat because very early on the narrator reveals his overwhelming love for animals, and how he places them before humans. When the narrator relays the story the reader learns that he is awaiting execution for the murder of his wife (Piacentino 2). French critic Gerard Genette who specializes in the study of narrative theory notes â€Å"narration always says less than it knows, but it often makes known more then it says† (Piacentino 2). This is true of the autobiographical narrative of The Black Cat. The narrator is trying to present himself as a calm man with self cont rol, however the more he talks the more he leaks his insanity. He offers rationalizations for his past actions, and facts about his childhood. The narrator, by the end of the story, has revealed himself to be a vicious and violent abuser of animals and people alike. HeShow MoreRelatedEssay about Edgar Allen Poe, Father of Modern Detective Fiction919 Words   |  4 PagesE.A. Poe became the father of modern day detective stories by introducing Dupin in The Murders in the Rue Morgue as the first detective to use analytical and imaginative reasoning to solve the mystery and will create a guideline for all detective stories to come. The word detective was not in existence until Poes writings. Mysteries had existed but never such a story that used a detector or placed such emphasis upon analysis versus trial and error. The vivid painting of the scene of theRead MoreAn Analysis Of Fall Of The House Of Usher By Joyce Carol Oates941 Words   |  4 PagesSetting: Important or Not? An analytical essay discussing the importance of setting in The Fall of the House of Usher, by Edgar Allan Poe and Where is Here, by Joyce Carol Oates. The dark night accentuated the illuminous streetlights, which dimly lit their surroundings, casting eerie shadows upon the gates of the suburban properties. This is an example of setting, which is used to explain the area that the text will be taking place in. According to the example, the reader can assume the text takesRead MoreThe Mystery Of Edgar Allen Poe1240 Words   |  5 PagesWhen you think about the first detective story ever written, Edgar Allen Poe probably doesn’t come to mind. He is most known for his melancholic and gruesome tales of stories such as a guilty man’s conscience giving him the impression of hearing the man he killed heart beating through the floorboards, or even a raven symbolizing the inevitable death we will all face. Despite these well-known contributions, his writings concerning the detective field have left an indisputable mark on pieces followingRead MoreDevelopment Of Narrative, By Nathaniel Hawthorne, And Edgar Allen Poe1302 Words à ‚  |  6 PagesKirkpatrick English 231 American Literature I 10 November 2014 Development of Narrative Short stories did not begin to develop as a dedicated, intentional genre until the early 1800s, when authors such as Washington Irving, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Edgar Allen Poe began to attract readers with them. These authors were from the Romanticism period. Three characteristics of Romanticism are having a profound love of nature, passionate nationalism, and a fascination with the supernatural. Stories by these authorsRead MoreMurder On The Orient Express By Agatha Christie2340 Words   |  10 Pagessociety from monsters like Ratchett. This eye for an eye, Roman mentality, is certainly not what one might expect from a British popular fiction novelist like Agatha Christie. In the critical essay on â€Å"Murder on the Orient Express† John Wren-Lewis explains that good and evil is a blurry line. In this critical essay, the author explains to the audience of the genre that people didn’t want to stories about how a deity creates or destroys evil, the public didn’ t want it to be holy, they wanted it to beRead More Role of the City in Poe’s Murders in the Rue Morgue and Hoffmann’s Mademoiselle de Scudery4157 Words   |  17 PagesThis student perceptively examines the role of the city as a setting and frame for detective fiction. Focusing on two early examples, Poe’s â€Å"Murders in the Rue Morgue† and Hoffmann’s â€Å"Mademoiselle de Scudery,† both set in Paris, his sophisticated essay illuminates the â€Å"cityness† or framed constraint that renders the city a backdrop conducive to murder—such as the city’s crowded, constricted nature, promoting vertical rather than outward movement and increasing hostility and the fact that so muchRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesChallenges 21 Recession 21 Off Shoring 21 Mergers 22 A Look at Ethics 22 Summary 23 Demonstrating Comprehension: Questions for Review 24 Key Terms 24 HRM Workshop 25 Linking Concepts to Practice: Discussion Questions 25 Developing Diagnostic and Analytical Skills 25 Case 1: Work/Life Balance at Baxter 25 Working with a Team: Understanding Diversity Issues 25 Learning an HRM Skill: Guidelines for Acting Ethically 26 Enhancing Your Communication Skills 26 ETHICAL ISSUES IN HRM: Invasion of Privacy

ICT Database Free Essays

My client, (full time DJ) Mr. I. C. We will write a custom essay sample on ICT Database or any similar topic only for you Order Now H. Cheezeburger has just been employed by Avenue Q, a newly opened club in the west end. He is currently having problems organising his very vast and varied, music collection. He currently organizes his collection manually using index cards. This proves extremely impractical, as they are often mislaid, and he is forced to start again, creating even more work than necessary. Clients Background. My client was born on 5th May 1985 in Chelsea. He went to Dun Raven in Streatham; he was bullied at school, until in year 10 he moved to St William Perkins all boys’ school. Where he excelled in, Music and, Performing arts. He later took a level performing arts, music, ICT, and Textiles. He went on to university, but was expelled after three months. He was interested in dj-ing since a young age, and went on to do it in his spare time, and then constantly after being expelled from university. He then helped out at local venues, at low key parties and occasions. He then went on to take an apprenticeship, and started charging for his services. He then bought his own flat in Woking, with a small studio, where he could focus constantly on his DJ-ing. He has been employed by various clubs such as â€Å"wicked†, â€Å"Lyyne† â€Å"Chameleon† and most recently â€Å"Avenue Q†. His intentions are to raise enough money to be able to go back to university. Identifying the user My client will be the main user of the system, but I will occasionally use the system to check for updates and any possible faults. Statement of the problem My client currently organizes his music collection manually, using index cards and other pieces of paper. This is organised by Artist name. But this proves inadequate and time consuming, as he often loses his lists, resulting in him having to write it all out again. Using valuable time, that could be spent doing something more constructive. Manual solution considered My client could keep his current method of index cards, (organised via artist name) which can prove sometimes useful, as technology can sometimes crash, or have faults. On the other hand index cards can be often lost, resulting the time consuming task of re-writing them all out. Another manual solution would be to use folders to organise his collection, (organised either by artist name, or song name) this is more effective than index cards as they are large, and easier to keep track of. But, could result in a large amount of space being taken up, as the folder collection, would have to be extremely large. Two alternative software solutions considered Mr Cheezeburger could use itunes to organize his music collection, as it is user friendly and very easy to use. Contrariwise to be able to use itunes QuickTime and safari must be downloaded using up more memory, causing the system to be slower, also, an itunes library cannot be transferred to multiple computers in a short space of time. MS Excel could also be used, as it is easy to use, and the cells can be filtered and things can be located quickly and easily. On the other hand it is easy to make errors, and they effect the system long term. Proposed solution justified I have chosen to use MS access because it is easy to use, and it is simple to find things using queries and searches. At least 3 Quantitative objectives identified * Database must be password protected * Search Info Easily * User friendly way of entering data How to cite ICT Database, Papers

Declining Sales of Nokia free essay sample

In this era, where the technology is growing in a very faster speed and every positive change is bringing new and enhanced features with them, the cellular phones are at the very hot issue in this growing technology. The technologies in these cellular/mobile phones are enhancing and developing day by day, including new features of entertainment, and multiple options like imaging facilities, movie/animation features, sound technologies etc. When the technology is the matter, every consumer/user prefers the latest, best and interacting featured technologies and also prefers these facilities in less cost. So, in this view, there is a very big and fast competition between many companies/manufacturers of cellular phones at the world level. History of Nokia In 1979 the company established the radio telephone company Mobira Oy as a joint venture with the Finnish TV maker Salora. Having established a firm business footing Nokia released the Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) service, the world’s first international cellular network. We will write a custom essay sample on Declining Sales of Nokia or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As the mobile phone industry expanded throughout the 1970s and early 1980s Nokia introduced their first car phone in 1982, the Mobira Senator. Introduction to the Organization Company Information: Nokia was the worlds largest vendor of mobile phones from 1998 to 2011. However, over the past five years its market share declined as a result of the growing use of touch screen smart phones from other vendor principally the iPhone, by Apple, and devices running on Android, an operating system created by Google. Mission Statement Many organizations develop formal mission statements that answer these questions. A mission statement is a statement of the organization’s purposes, what it wants to accomplish in the larger environment. A clear mission statement acts as an invisible hand that guides people in the organization. The mission statement of NOKIA is â€Å"CONNECTING PEOPLE† Goals The goal of NOKIA is â€Å"to be a good corporate citizen wherever we operate, as a responsible and contributing member of society. We take part in long-term projects aimed at helping young people create their own place in the world, for example through our global youth programs. Objectives: Objectives presents a brief summary of the main goals and the recommendations of the plan for management review, helping top management to find the plan’s major points quickly. In objectives, following areas are included†¦  · Current marketing situation  · Threats and opportunity analysis  · Objectives and issues  · Marketing strategy  · Action programs  · Budgets  · control Organization’s Network: Nokia is manufacturing its products worldwide in following countries†¦  · Austria  · Bahrain  · Belgium  · Bosnia-Herzegovina  · Croatia  · Cyprus  · Czech Republic  · Denmark  · Finland  · France  · Germany  · Greece  · Gulf countries  · Hungary  · Israel  · Italy  · Kuwait  · Lebanon  · Luxembourg  · Malta  · Monaco  · Netherlands  · Norway  · Oman  · Poland  · Portugal  · Qatar  · Saudi Arabia  · Serbia and Montenegro  · Slovakia  · Slovenia  · Spain  · Switzerland  · Tunisia  · Turkey  · UAE  · Yemen HYPOTHESIS: Nokia net sales have been declining for the past two years due to: Features Competitors Moved slowly Not doing much innovation. Android Not stratifying consumer demand HYPOTHESIS QUESTION: I. What is the main reason behind decreasing net sale of Nokia? II. How Samsung has more share than Nokia? Where Nokia Company did mistake? III. Which step should company take to improve its sale? Hypothesis: The net Sale of Nokia Company has been declining for the past two years due to introduction of android system in competitive companies. Independent variable: In this research independent variable is Android system, because due to android system of competitive companies the net sales of Nokia is declining. Dependent Variable: Net sales of Nokia company is dependant variable. JAMES EDGAR TUESDAY 03 SEPTEMBER 2013 Telecoms giant Nokia has made products from tyres and rubber boots to televisions and smartphones in its near 150-year history. Starting from humble beginnings in 1865 as a riverside paper mill in rural south-western Finland, the companys founder Fredrik Idestam would never have dreamed it would one day become a global brand. The Nokia name now synonymous with mobile phones, the addictive game Snake and signature ringtones came from a second mill Mr Idestam set up a few years later on the banks of the Nokianvirta River, which inspired him to name his business Nokia Ab in 1871. In 1898, Finnish Rubber Works, which later became Nokias rubber business, was founded and went on to make everything from galoshes to tyres. Nokias rubber boots went on to become a design classic, although they are no longer made by the company. Finnish Cable Works, the foundation of Nokias cable and electronics business, was founded in 1912 by Arvid Wickstrom. By the 1960s, the company, which was working closely with Nokia Ab and Finnish Rubber Works, began branching out into electronics. In 1962 it manufactured its first in-house electronic device a pulse analyser for use in nuclear power plants and in 1963 it started developing radio telephones for the army and emergency services. The companys MikroMikko label eventually became the best-known computer brand in Finland and by 1987, Nokia was the third largest television manufacturer in Europe. Having been jointly owned since 1922, Nokia Ab, Finnish Cable Works and Finnish Rubber Works officially merged into the Nokia Corporation in 1967 with five businesses: rubber, cable, forestry, electronics and power generation. Nokia created the radio telephone company Mobira Oy as a joint venture with Finnish television maker Salora in 1979, and in 1981 it launched the Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) service, the worlds first international cellular network and the first to allow international roaming. In 1982 Nokia introduced the first car phone the Mobira Senator to the network, and later that same year the Nokia DX200 the companys first digital telephone switch went into operation. In 1984, Nokia launched the Mobira Talkman portable car phone and in 1987 the Mobira Cityman, the first handheld mobile phone for NMT networks, was introduced. Nokia sold its billionth phone a Nokia 1100 in Nigeria in 2005. On Monday, Sudipto Dey | New Delhi September 6, 2013 Last Updated at 00:15 IST a day before Microsofts $7. 2-billion buyout of Nokias mobile device business, the Finnish mobile manufacturers India outpost was to host a press conference in the capital to announce the launch of a slew of products targeting the mass market. The event was re-scheduled-ostensibly due to indisposition of the chief guest, Telecom Minister Kapil Sibal. However, the overnight announcement in Seattle has changed the picture. From now on the shadow of the new owner will loom large on any move that Nokia makes. Wary competitors included. The deal will have the biggest resonance for the market leader in India, Samsung, which occupies the No. 1 position both in terms of revenue generated and units sold. According to a Voice Data survey of mobile handset players released last month, Samsung generated sales worth Rs 11,328 crore in 2012-13, a jump of 43 per cent from the previous year. Its market share for the year was pegged at 31. 5 per cent as against Nokias 27. 2 per cent. While Nokias sales were lagging Samsungs at Rs 9,780 crore, the Korean company may now have to step up its vigil to guard its market share in the country in the light of the new development. Nokia has been in India for around 18 years, for most of these it was the unquestionable leader of the handset market. In fact, it gave millions of Indians their first feel of a mobile phone. At its peak-which lasted until the mid-2000s-the Finnish company had 60-65 per cent market share. The dream run came to an end in the second half of that decade as Android-operated phones took the industry by storm. A few strategic missteps by Nokia only hastened that slide-making Samsungs growth in market share sweepstakes easier. Analysts say what worked for Samsung was its different-strokes-for-different-folks strategy. Even as it went about building a channel distribution network on the ground, Samsung hit the market with a wide portfolio of handsets at varying price points, leaving no consumer segment untapped. While highlighting the ease of user interface of its handsets through marketing promotions, frequent product upgrades kept its portfolio fresh. This helped to keep up consumer interest in its products. Samsung began sprucing up its product portfolio every quarter at a time when the industry norm was to come out with a new product line every six to eight months. Down. com HELSINKI | Fri Jul 12, 2013 Next week could be crunch time for Nokia Oyj and its Chief Executive Stephen Elop in their battle to prove the Finnish mobile phone company can survive on its own. Investors will be scrutinizing second-quarter results to see whether theres enough cash to stay with a turnaround plan which Elop said would take two years but is now into its third. Elops bold bet in 2011 to adopt Microsoft Corps untested Windows Phone software has yet to pay off, with no sign of catching Samsung and Apple Inc in smartphones. Analysts also expect Thursdays results to show a steep fall in handset shipments, led by a drop in sales of regular mobile phones as consumers switch to smartphones and cheaper models from Asian rivals. Nokias weak market position has made it a perennial target of takeover speculation, but such deal talk has intensified in the past month after a media report said it had held abortive talks with Microsoft. The companys recent decision to buy Siemens AGs stake in their joint venture Nokia Siemens Networks is seen straining its balance sheet further when the deal closes later this year. Im going to take a deep look at underlying cash flow, said Alandsbanken analyst Lars Soderfjell. He believed Nokia would stay independent for longer as its current state was unlikely to warrant a good price, but he said a deal couldnt be ruled out depending on its finances. If its not able to control cash, that might trigger strategic options, Soderfjell said. Nokia earlier this month estimated its net cash position at the end of the second quarter was between 3. 7 billion euros ($4. 8 billion) and 4. 2 billion implying it burned through between 300 million euros and 800 million in the quarter. The upper end of that range would be worryingly high, some analysts said. Most analysts, however, also saw the acquisition of Siemens NSN stake in a positive light, saying the price was cheap given NSNs turnaround in the past year. The formerly troubled unit is seen bolstering, rather than weighing on, Nokias bottom line. DUAL BATTLE Despite that boost, Nokia still faces a challenging battle in both basic mobile phones and smartphones. Basic phones still account for over half of its device sales, making them a market worth protecting. Yet analysts forecast quarterly shipments of basic handsets to fall 24 percent from a year earlier to 56 million units. Smartphones are also seen crucial for its longer-term survival, due to their higher margins and as more consumers seek access to sites such as Facebook from their phones. Analysts estimated smartphone shipments fell 19 percent to 8 million units as a decline in sales of outmoded Symbian phones canceled out growth in Lumia sales. Nokia has launched a number of smartphone models this year in a bid to regain market share. On Wednesday, it unveiled its newest model, the Lumia 1020, with a 41-megapixel camera that some tech bloggers said was the best in the market. Yet some still worry Nokia may be arriving too late to the game, just as it starts to show signs of saturation. Smartphone leader Samsung last week estimated its second-quarter operating profit was 9. 5 trillion won ($8. 3 billion), missing the market consensus of 10. 2 trillion. Overall the smartphone market has been quite underwhelming in the first half of the year, said Pacific Crest analyst James Faucette. Weak handset shipments could prompt a sell-off in Nokia shares, which have risen over 20 percent in the past quarter on hopes of a buyout and enthusiasm over new handsets. But any sign that Elop was open to a buyout could send them even higher. Conclusion As stated in our hypothesis, Nokia sales have been declining for the past two years due to Android system, the 4 month research shows that years its market share declined as a result of the growing use of touch screen smart phones from other vendor principally the iPhone, by Apple, Samsung phones and devices running on Android, an operating system created by Google. Suggestions Though the NOKIA is one of the world’s largest cellular phone companies and has the very efficient features and facilities but there are some suggestions by me after analyzing and researching about this company. . It should adopt android system in its cell phones as it is easier then Nokia operating system.  · It should decrease its prices of the sets so that the sets may become in reach of every user and the market may increase and become the cause of increasing profit rate.

The Influences of Candide’s Development free essay sample

The Influences of Candide’s Development The story Candide or Optimism, written in 1759 by Francois Marie Arouet De Voltaire, is about a young man who experiences many misfortunes and who is exceptionally naive. His development throughout his journey in life is contributed and influenced by the people he comes in contact with. In the story, Candide has the opportunity to experience many different views on philosophical optimism by meeting different people who have all suffered from different experiences and misfortunes. Some of these people, such as Pangloss, Cacambo, and Martin are individuals who had a major impact on Candide’s development and perspective of life. Candide is a good-hearted but an extremely naive young man. His mentor Pangloss teaches him that their world is â€Å"the best of all possible worlds. †(Candide, 521) Candide travels the world and comes in contact with a variety of misfortunes. He idealizes Pangloss and his teachings, and continuously tries to apply these teachings to his life. We will write a custom essay sample on The Influences of Candide’s Development or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As he is applying these teachings, he suffers from a series of misfortunes. His faith in Pangloss’ optimism is repeatedly tested. Due to Candide believing in Pangloss’ sayings, he does not have an opinion on many things. Candide is definitely â€Å"extremely ignorant of the ways of the world,† (523). The fact Candide can not make decisions for himself, causes his actions and opinions to mainly be determined and influenced by his surrounding factors. He is a less realistic character due to his innocence, simply because he accepts as true everything his tutor Pangloss tells him. Candide’s vulnerability unfortunately leads him to many misfortunes, which painfully teaches him about reality. The character Pangloss is Candide’s philosophical tutor. Pangloss’ optimistic philosophy contrasted greatly with the events that were occurring in Candide’s life. Often throughout the story, many disastrous things happened to Candide, but he continued to believe Pangloss. Although Pangloss’ own experiences throughout life contradict his belief, he remained faithful to the belief that â€Å"everything is for the best in this best of all possible worlds† (521). Pangloss, just like Candide is an unrealistic character. He too, is somewhat hopeful and refuses to accept bad, believing he could make their world a better place with his none sense optimism. As Candide continues to come in contact with all these misfortunes, it shows that Candide was a faithful young man, and indeed was a true believer in Pangloss’ theory that all was well in their world. Pangloss also taught Candide that â€Å"things cannot be otherwise than they are, since everything is made to serve an end† (521). Pangloss’ philosophy is stating that everything has a purpose and everything that happens, happens for a reason. No matter how bad things might be going, it is for a good cause and can only be as bad if one believes it to be. Cacambo is also one of Candide’s companions on his journey. He also acts as an advisor and a guide for Candide and helps him develop some knowledge towards the ways of the world. Unlike any other character in the novel, Cacambo is honest and highly intelligent. Cacambo shows confidence through his intelligence and moral unrighteousness. He is a good man, as well as kind and generous. Cacambo pushes Candide to view the world as it really is, instead of following Pangloss’ philosophy of â€Å"the best of all possible worlds. † He wants Candide to understand that bad things happen in the world and that everything is not good. During the journey, Cacambo is always able to get himself and Candide out of trouble with his quick thinking and advanced knowledge. He has good sense and knowledge and is able to make things better, whereas Candide always make a troubled situation even harder with his lack of knowledge and his inexperience in the world. The time Candide spent with Cacambo during his journey was a positive influence on the young man. Even though Candide did not have the analytical skills as Cacambo, he shows growth in self-sufficient decisions by the influences of Cacambo. The last and final character that had an influence on Candide’s development was a scholar named Martin. Martin is the third of Candide’s companions and advisers. His beliefs are completely opposite of those of Pangloss. Martin, just like the others has also suffered from a series of calamities. Identical to Cacambo, Martin is more intelligent than Candide and Pangloss. He is a more realistic character because he is scholarly and more likely to draw reasonable conclusions. In a conversation between Martin and Candide, Martin tells him â€Å"I find that everything goes wrong in our world† (561). He has difficulty seeing the world as it actually is and one can conclude that Martin constantly expects nothing but the worst to happen. He teaches Candide to see that the world is full of bad and evil just like Cacambo did. He also shows him the world is not all well as he once believed from listening to the philosophy of Pangloss. The conclusion of Candide would not be possible without the many changes that had taken place within Candide. During one point in the story Candied began to lose faith in Pangloss after seeing the horrific events that happened before him. â€Å"Oh Pangloss, you had no notion of these abominations! I’m through, I must give up your optimism after all† (552). At this time Candied began to have second thoughts on everything his tutor has taught him, yet he still kept the faith hoping that things really were for the good. Through his many experiences, Candied realized the impossibility of philosophical optimism. With the help of Pangloss, Cacambo, and Martin, as well as his experiences and observations, he learned to come up with his own solutions and acquired the ability to judge for himself, all which was apart of the development of Candide.

Applied Psychology Example

Applied Psychology Example Applied Psychology – Coursework Example Evidence Based practice: Future Career Perspectives in Applied Behavioral Science. Evidence Based practice: Future Career Perspectives in Applied Behavioral Science. I am an Applied Behavioral Science Major student and plan to venture into private practice after graduation. The move will give a chance to help save marriages by becoming a marriage counselor. The practice will give me a chance to apply the skills taught to me and help my community. Applied psychology is the practice use of methods and findings in psychology to evaluate and solve practical behavioral problems in the life of humans and animal. Applied psychology work in sync with evidence based practice. Evidence based practice utilizes three main arms that are essential to my future practice. They include the clinical expertise, patient value & preference and best research evidence. The Clinical expertise part I am getting in class and field attachments. The Patient value and preference is unique to each case that I w ill be handling in private practice. The best research evidence is necessary in the practice and this is from reading medical publications, books and journals to update me on newly proven techniques that work based on the evidence. It is necessary to ensure the techniques that I apply work and save marriages from divorces. Statistics ion United States of America reveals a high rate of cases of divorce in the country. Tori DeAngelis research in a periodical â€Å"The Couple Doctor† Reveal more of the evidence based practice saves marriages. Her study she compeers sharing of methods that have been proved to work and working in solitude results (DeAngelis, 2011). In conclusion, for a successful career it is important to be always updated on the most effective and research proven methods that work to achieve perfect results.ReferenceDeAngelis, T. (2011, January 10). What helps troubled relationships thrive: Internet training and with veterans and their spouses. The couples docto r , p. 40. Applied Psychology Example Applied Psychology – Coursework Example Applied Psychology Applied Psychology: Option A Karen is suffering from major depression. Karen’s symptoms point to major depression rather than bipolar depression. This is because she experiences extreme sadness most of the time, feels hopeless and finds no enjoyment in life. Consequently, she is contemplating suicide. Karen does not experience mood swings but feels â€Å"down† most of the time. This is different from bipolar depression where an individual experiences highs and lows.Major depression is an acute medical illness that affects one’s feelings, thoughts, mood, behavior and physical health (NAMI, 2012). It is a life-long condition that requires long-term treatment in order to keep the symptoms from recurring. Karen’s is a case of recurrent symptoms since she is now feeling low all the time. She has lost interest in life and such things as food, sex, sleep and friends, among others no longer have any appeal on her. Consequently, she feels worthle ss and may be driven to commit suicide.As a mental health professional, I would first make a diagnosis of Karen’s situation to ensure that in deed she has major depression by carefully analyzing the symptoms. Having confirmed that Karen suffers from major depression, I would proceed to prescribe appropriate treatment. The latest treatment for major depression is the trans-cranial direct current stimulation (Fregni et al, 2006), but I would apply this method if medication fails. However, I would advise her to map out her patterns of illness and learn how to cope with the symptoms. I would also encourage her to develop supportive relationships, especially with me, and to be open about her condition. Taking aerobics will also go a long way to make her condition manageable.ReferencesFregni, F., Boggio, P. S., Nitsche, M. A., Marcolin, M. A., Rigonatti, S. P. and Pascual-Leone, A. (2006), Treatment of major depression with transcranial direct current stimulation. Bipolar Disorders , 8:  203–204. doi:  10.1111/j.1399-5618.2006.00291.NAMI (2012) Depression. The National Alliance on Mental Illness. Fairfax. www.nami.org/store.

Ethics Panel for Post-Graduates Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ethics Panel for Post-Graduates - Essay Example ict between the patients experience and nurses assessment of the pain will be used to help formulate a better framework for pain assessment in patients. (For example, outline of research methodology, what information/data collection strategies will you use, where will you recruit participants and what approach you intend to take to the analysis of information / data generated) Due to the subjectivity of pain experience a qualitative method will be used for this study, which seeks to provide a perception of how or why things are as they are. It means that the gathered primary research information will have come from different sources of personal and professional experiences. Data will be collected through a one on one semi-structured interview of nurses and patients. This is only fitting considering that Hancock (1998) relates that data collection in a qualitative research involves direct encounters with individuals through one to one interviews. In-depth interview allows intensive exploration of a topic with someone who has had related experiences. Open-ended questions will be used during the interview. This is in contrast with close-ended questions which may limit further exploration of the participants’ experiences. Typically the recommended sample for grounded theory is about 20 to 30 participants (Polit & Beck, 2006). Determining the sample size depends on the quality and richness of the data. This research will aim to involve 20 nurses and 20 patients. Once ethical approval is gained, the researcher will send a formal letter to the hospital administration in Kuwait and to the surgical unit supervisor or manager requesting permission to recruit patients and staff from the hospital. Once the approval is attained, the researcher will then proceed to place a notice in the surgical ward which will invite volunteers from among surgical nurses and patients who are willing to take part in the research or those who are readily available to become participants of

Emotional intelligence Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Emotional intelligence - Research Paper Example With emotional intelligence, good rapport is created in the workplace and hence a guaranteed performance increase which is an indication of success in management (Groves & Vance, 2009). Emotional sensitivity is all about knowing the right thing to right depending on the situation without worsening it already. Literacy enables an understanding of the different techniques a manager can use to be able to communicate with employees. A combination of the two skills; emotional sensitivity and literacy are therefore necessary if a manager is to have an effective team of employees and be able to manage them effectively (Emmerling & Boyatzis, 2012). The dangers with the lack of the two skills above in a manager will most likely cause ineffective communication with the employees and this will definitely harm the patients who will be on the receiving end by the employees who are angry and dissatisfied and hence distracted in their duties. The nursing employees are required to be emotionally in line and pay full concentration when attending to patients and this can be determined by the manager (Codier, Muneno, Franey & Matsuura,

A critical analysis of marketing strategy in the UK financial services Essay

A critical analysis of marketing strategy in the UK financial services sector. An empirical study - Essay Example According to Lazer (1971:209), â€Å"Given good intelligence, executives should eventually be able to scan markets, call for additional information through consoles, assess marketing alternatives more adequately, and adjust to dynamic market condition more readily†. It then requires that marketing strategies are structured to come abreast with the vicissitude of the time, for it to be successful and effective. THE United Kingdom financial services sector have in recent times adopted marketing strategies that are aligned with the information technology driven age. The conducting of business are embarked through e-marketing and to a great extent the UK financial institutions have adopted strategic alliance as an option of jointly pulling of their resources with organizations that share the same business orientation and prospects with them. â€Å"Markets face daunting challenges in an increasingly complex markets place. Market research information technologies have provided new tools to guide marketing resource allocation, but these technologies have added complexity to the marketer’s worldview. Compounding the challenge is the range of stakeholders that must be addressed: prospects, customers, shareholders, channels partners, market alliance partners, and vendors† (Cook & Talluri, 2005:244). In recent years the spate of strategic alliance in UK financial institutions are on the increase. According to Gup & Marino (2003), the United Kingdom financial institution recorded 401 alliances in Europe. Almost half of these strategies alliances occurred in 1998 and 1999. As a substitute to outright merger financial institution have prefer strategic alliance. In the same view, Proctor (2000), argues that the 21st century is seeing the development of strategic alliances and networks where firms work together towards shared goals and collaborate in their operations. The financial services sector plays a significant

Quality-of-Life: Patients with Common Dermatological Disease

Quality-of-Life: Patients with Common Dermatological Disease Skin diseases are frequent in all over the world. Approximately 30% of Americans had at least one skin condition that leads to further medical examination (1). Patients with skin disease have experienced various problems including emotional, financial, psychological and social issues which can affect their quality of life (QoL) (2). Skin diseases are responsible for the majority of morbidity due to the presence of physical symptoms. Some studies reported that itching and fatigue are the main complaint in patients with skin diseases; moreover, compared with the normal people, these patients had a lower psychosocial wellbeing which it depended on disease-severity and duration, disease-related quality of life, and presence of physical symptoms such as itch, pain and fatigue (3-4). It also reported that some skin diseases can cause higher degree of disability in comparison with many chronic diseases (5). For instance patients who suffered from psoriasis reported fatigue, stigmatization, and loss of physical function, lack of self confidence, impaired daily and social function and limitations in social contacts (6). Some studies suggested that that eczema and psoriasis have a lower mental health compare patients with cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and psychiatric patients had better functioning compared to patients with skin disorders, also the harmful effects of psoriasis on QOL were comparable to that seen in breast cancer, arthritis, hypertension, diabetes, and mood disorders (7-8). The World Health Organization defines QOL as â€Å"individuals’ expectation of their position in life, in the context of the cultural and value system in which they live and in relation to their goals, expectations, standards and concerns† (9). It is very difficult to achieve QOL in patients with skin diseases. This may be due to the patients worrying about their unhandsome appearance in confronting people and so, what they think about their skin. Therefore, it is very important for clinicians or dermatologists to improve the QOL in these patients by concentrating on patients symptoms and appearance. Assessing QOL provides more accurate information about patients needs and helps dermatologist to decide better about patients treatment. So, it improves better patients service and QOL (10). Because QOL shows a very important aspect in physical and mental health, this review was aimed on evaluating the impacts of QOL of patients on various skin diseases including psoriasis, vitiligo, acne vulgaris, atopic dermatitis and seborrheic dermatitis and also, how much these diseases affected QOL and what factors may be associated with a worse QOL. ACNE VULGARIS: Acne vulgaris is the probably most prevalent skin disease in adolescents and especially during puberty. Approximately all of men and women experienced at least one acne lesions during their lifetime (11). In some studies has reported that this skin disorder, affecting almost 80% of individuals who aged from 11 to 30 years. 17However, this rate varied between 41.7% -93.3% in different countries with populations aged 12 to 18 years (12-13). Also, it has reported that acne and actinic keratosis represented the two most common presentations in dermatologists office visits, with both conditions resulting in 5.2 million visits and 15% of total visits yearly in United States (14). QoL issues have been well-known in acne vulgaris. One of the most important in adolescence is a good appearance. It affected self-worth and self confidence. Acne vulgaris may cause some morbidity in many teenage patients such as low self-esteem, social isolation, and depression and suicidal ideation (15-18). There are some validated criteria for evaluating and identifying individuals with acne vulgaris include the Acne Disability Index (ADI), Cardiff Acne Disability Index (CADI), and the Acne-QoL index (19). It is worth mentioning that CADI and acne-Qol were Simpler and more rapidly used than the ADI index (19). Of note, physical morbidity and decreased social functioning in adulthood may be the complications of acne vulgaris that had happened in adolescents (20). Verhoeven et al.(3) suggested in his study that patients with skin diseases in experienced a lower psychosocial well-being compare to the normal population and several of these patients was at risk of developing severe mood disorders such as depression. Also, the psychosocial problems were more frequent in patient with chronic skin disease. Also, Patients who suffered from acne vulgaris have worse mental health and anxiety and depression status than individuals with asthma, epilepsy, diabetes, CVD, back pain, or arthritis (2, 21). About the half of adolescent patients accepted acne as a disease, but 86% think that treatment is necessary to improve their appearance (12). This is the reason that subjects with worse symptoms and QoL condition should be treated by the physician or dermatologist with more aggressive or systemic treatments such as corticosteroids(22). In some cases, referral for further evaluation by a psychologist is recommended (23). Effective treatments may be useful to reach the optimum QoL burden of this common disease. ATOPIC DERMATITIS: It is reported that the atopic dermatitis causes most physician office visit and outpatient hospital visits in United States (14). Atopic dermatitis (AD) describes an inflammatory, chronically relapsing skin condition that, along with asthma and allergic rhinitis, is part of the atopic triad (24). The condition gives rise to itching and severely dry skin, and is characterized by an allergic predisposition, pruritus, erythema, oozing, crusting, excoriations, lichenification, sensitivity to allergens/ irritants and susceptibility to secondary infections (24) Atopic dermatitis typically appears in early childhood, and patients may experience periodic flare-ups throughout adulthood (25). A worldwide study found that AD affects approximately 5% to 20% of children at ages 6 – 7 and 13–14 years, with the prevalence being highest in developed countries (26). Other estimates of prevalence in children fall within this range. The prevalence of AD in Canada was estimated to be 8.5% for children aged 6 – 7 years, and 9.4% for children aged 13–14 years (26). Approximately 10% of cases are considered to be severe, with approximately half the remaining cases being considered moderate and half being considered mild. Incidence and severity are approximately equal among males and females (24). Evidence suggests that the prevalence of AD in Western nations is increasing. Parents report that their children with AD experience sleep disturbance, and are more clingy, frustrated, and irritable (27-29). Studies have found a correlation between AD and attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (30-32). Infants with AD are also found to be at greater risk for development of mental health problems by age 10 years. The prevalence and burden of AD in teenagers is less well understood. Adolescents with AD are at significant risk of impaired QoL similar to that of acne vulgaris, including predisposition to depression, impaired social interaction with members of the opposite sex, and sexual functioning.54 Using Skindex-Teen, adolescents with AD generally experienced similar impairment in QoL as those with acne (33). Indices to accurately measure QoL in pediatric patients with AD are highly relevant to clinical practice and research. To more completely gauge the comprehensive burden of disease, the clinician should aim to objectively review QoL and physical impairment (34-35). Patients with severe QoL impairment caused by AD may be in greater need of aggressive treatment strategies to minimize comorbidities and the longterm psychosocial effects of their disease. It is critical to involve both the caregiver and patient in these treatment strategies. . 1.Johnson M-LT. Defining the Burden of Skin Disease in the United States[mdash]A Historical Perspective. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc. 2004;9(2):108-10. 2.Brown MM, Chamlin SL, Smidt AC. Quality of life in pediatric dermatology. Dermatologic clinics. 2013;31(2):211-21. 3.Verhoeven EWM, Kraaimaat FW, Van De Kerkhof PCM, Van Weel C, Duller P, Van Der Valk PGM, et al. Psychosocial well-being of patients with skin diseases in general practice. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology. 2007;21(5):662-8. 4.Verhoeven E, Kraaimaat F, Van De Kerkhof P, Van Weel C, Duller P, Van Der Valk P, et al. Prevalence of physical symptoms of itch, pain and fatigue in patients with skin diseases in general practice. British Journal of Dermatology. 2007;156(6):1346-9. 5.Walker S, Shah M, Hubbard V, Pradhan H, Ghimire M. Skin disease is common in rural Nepal: results of a point prevalence study. British Journal of Dermatology. 2008;158(2):334-8. 6.Spilker B. Quality of life and pharmacoeconomics in clinical trials. 1996. 7.Sprangers MAG, de Regt EB, Andries F, van Agt HME, Bijl RV, de Boer JB, et al. Which chronic conditions are associated with better or poorer quality of life? Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 2000;53(9):895-907. 8.Rapp SR, Feldman SR, Exum ML, Fleischer Jr AB, Reboussin DM. Psoriasis causes as much disability as other major medical diseases. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1999;41(3):401-7. 9.WHOQOL Measuring Quality of Life, Geneva Switzerland: Division of Mental Health and Prevention of Substance Abuse, World Health Organization. 1997. 10.David S, Ahmed Z, Salek M, Finlay A. Does enough quality of lifeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ related discussion occur during dermatology outpatient consultations? British Journal of Dermatology. 2005;153(5):997-1000. 11.Bickers DR, Lim HW, Margolis D, Weinstock MA, Goodman C, Faulkner E, et al. The burden of skin diseases: 2004: A joint project of the American Academy of Dermatology Association and the Society for Investigative Dermatology. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2006;55(3):490-500. 12.Uslu G, Ã…Å ¾endur N, Uslu M, Ã…Å ¾avk E, Karaman G, Eskin M. Acne: prevalence, perceptions and effects on psychological health among adolescents in Aydin, Turkey. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology. 2008;22(4):462-9. 13.Gollnick H, Cunliffe W, Berson D, Dreno B, Finlay A, Leyden JJ, et al. Management of Acne. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. [doi: 10.1067/mjd.2003.618]. 2003;49(1):S1-S37. 14.Kalia S, Haiducu ML. The Burden of Skin Disease in the United States and Canada. Dermatologic clinics. [doi: 10.1016/j.det.2011.09.004]. 2012 30(1):5-18. 15.Smithard A, Glazebrook C, Williams H. Acne prevalence, knowledge about acne and psychological morbidity in midà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ adolescence: a communityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ based study. British Journal of Dermatology. 2001;145(2):274-9. 16.Rapp D, Brenes G, Feldman S, Fleischer A, Graham G, Dailey M, et al. Anger and acne: implications for quality of life, patient satisfaction and clinical care. British Journal of Dermatology. 2004;151(1):183-9. 17.Krejci-Manwaring J, Kerchner K, Feldman SR, Rapp DA, Rapp SR. Social sensitivity and acne: the role of personality in negative social consequences and quality of life. The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine. 2006;36(1):121-30. 18.Magin P, Pond C, Smith W, Goode S. Acnes relationship with psychiatric and psychological morbidity: results of a schoolà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ based cohort study of adolescents. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology. 2010;24(1):58-64. 19.Walker N, Lewis-Jones MS. Quality of life and acne in Scottish adolescent schoolchildren: use of the Childrens Dermatology Life Quality Index © (CDLQI) and the Cardiff Acne Disability Index © (CADI). Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology. 2006;20(1):45-50. 20.Brown BC, McKenna SP, Siddhi K, McGrouther DA, Bayat A. The hidden cost of skin scars: quality of life after skin scarring. Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive Aesthetic Surgery. 2008;61(9):1049-58. 21.Niemeier V, Kupfer J, Gieler U. Acne vulgaris – Psychosomatic aspects. JDDG: Journal der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft. 2006;4(12):1027-36. 22.Finlay AY. The burden of skin disease: quality of life, economic aspects and social issues. Clinical Medicine. 2009 December 1, 2009;9(6):592-4. 23.Gupta MA, Gupta AK. The use of antidepressant drugs in dermatology. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology. 2001;15(6):512-8. 24.Barbeau M, Bpharm HL. Burden of Atopic dermatitis in Canada. International Journal of Dermatology. 2006;45(1):31-6. 25.Knoell KA, Greer KE. Atopic Dermatitis. Pediatrics in Review. 1999 February 1, 1999;20(2):46-52. 26.Williams H, Robertson C, Stewart A, Aà ¯t-Khaled N, Anabwani G, Anderson R, et al. Worldwide variations in the prevalence of symptoms of atopic eczema in the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood. Journal of allergy and clinical immunology. 1999;103(1):125-38. 27.Schmitt J, Chen CM, Apfelbacher C, Romanos M, Lehmann I, Herbarth O, et al. Infant eczema, infant sleeping problems, and mental health at 10 years of age: the prospective birth cohort study LISAplus. Allergy. 2011;66(3):404-11. 28.Chamlin SL, Frieden IJ, Williams ML, Chren M-M. Effects of atopic dermatitis on young American children and their families. Pediatrics. 2004;114(3):607-11. 29.Chamlin SL, Mattson CL, Frieden IJ, Williams ML, Mancini AJ, Cella D, et al. The price of pruritus: sleep disturbance and cosleeping in atopic dermatitis. Archives of pediatrics adolescent medicine. 2005;159(8):745-50. 30.Romanos M, Gerlach M, Warnke A, Schmitt J. Association of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and atopic eczema modified by sleep disturbance in a large population-based sample. Journal of epidemiology and community health. 2010;64(3):269-73. 31.Schmitt J, Romanos M. Lack of studies investigating the association of childhood eczema, sleeping problems, and attentionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. 2009;20(3):299-300. 32.Harari M, Dreiher J, Czarnowicki T, Ruzicka T, Ingber AS. 75: a new metric for assessing treatment outcomes in atopic dermatitis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2011. 33.Smidt AC, Lai J-S, Cella D, Patel S, Mancini AJ, Chamlin SL. Development and validation of Skindex-Teen, a quality-of-life instrument for adolescents with skin disease. Archives of dermatology. 2010;146(8):865-9. 34.Charman CR, Venn AJ, Williams H, Bigby M. Measuring atopic eczema severity visually: which variables are most important to patients? Archives of dermatology. 2005;141(9):1146-51. 35.Charman C, Chambers C, Williams H. Measuring atopic dermatitis severity in randomized controlled clinical trials: what exactly are we measuring? Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 2003;120(6):932-41.

Omar Epps Essay -- Actor Love and Basketball Movies Essays

Omar Epps In the movies, Love and Basketball, and The Program the viewer can see various similarities that develop. One of the obvious comparisons can be seen in how the actor Omar Epps performs and the similar situations he’s faced with. In both films, he goes through struggles and reveals the life of a highly recruited athlete. The Program is produced by Samuel Goldwyn, Jr., while Love and Basketball is produced by Spike Lee and Sam Kitt. Love and Basketball is a movie that combines a love story with how basketball affects the relationship of two high school sweethearts. The two main characters in the movie are Quincy and his girlfriend, Monica. Quincy is played by Omar Epps and the story begins with showing how he is a very talented athlete in the central part of Los Angeles. He goes to a high school by the name of Crenshaw and is the leader of their well-known basketball team. By the end of his senior year, many colleges around the nation want him to come and represent their school. Quincy eventually tells all of his fans and supporters he has chosen to go to the University of Southern California. In the mean time, his soon to be girlfriend, Monica, is also expected to attend the same college. Later in the movie, Quincy and Monica get together and problems start to rise. Because Quincy is so popular with all the girls on campus he ends his relationship with Monica and starts his quest for the right girl to m arry. On another note, throughout the movie a very noticeable trait that Quincy displays is his confidence. For instance, Quincy always seems to get what he wants and his attitude towards everything is he will eventually be the best. This is mostly seen in his actions around girls and on the bask... ...et with Autumn because he is confident in his capabilities. Another correlation between the two films is the family problems they face. Each character comes from a home where the parents aren’t together anymore or they really never knew them. Lastly, Omar Epps is rewarded with the girl of his dreams in each motion picture, and it ends in a fairy tale fashion. Looking at each movie, the observer can see why Omar Epps was chosen for the main roles. He does a great job of presenting a college athlete faced with hardships and how to deal with adversity. His actions in both movies are comparable and because he plays an athlete, they have the same general theme. Each performance feeds off the other and after making The Program, Spike Lee and Sam Kitt probably thought Omar Epps would be perfect for Love and Basketball. In the end, he did a pretty good job.

Atticus Finch Character From To Kill a Mockingbird Essay

In the final courtroom scene in the movie â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird†, Atticus Finch is given the case of a lifetime when he gets the chance to defend Tom Robinson, a black man who is being falsely accused of raping a white woman in the 1930’s when inequality and racism was very prevalent during that time in the deep South. The odds he faces are terrible because he is defending an African American which during that time would always be an uphill battle and very few had the audacity to even try. Atticus Finch is delivering a speech trying to encourage and persuade a court who is biased against Robinson to believe that the crime he had been charged with never even took place. Despite the fact that Tom is soon going to be found guilty for a crime he didn’t do, the speech appealed to all of the audience and jury in the courtroom logically, emotionally, and in justice using the appeals of Pathos, Logos, and Ethos (To Kill a Mockingbird). Atticus Finch’s speech displays pathos by provoking the thoughts and emotion of the jury and audience through persuasive and appealing statements. He stated many important points all while his voice was full of trust; trust in the jury to make the right decision, which had the courtroom stirring and this created favorable emotions. Finch creates a feeling of guilt when he states, â€Å"I have nothing but pity in my heart for the chief witness for the state, but my pity does not extend so far as to her putting a man’s life at stake, which she has done in an effort to get rid of her own guilt† (To Kill a Mockingbird). Another emotion brought into play by Atticus was empathy when he says, â€Å"There is not a person in this courtroom who has never told a lie, who has never looked upon a women without desire† (To Kill a Mockingbird). With the use of empathy he establishes a relationship between Tom and the audience because they were able to put themselves in T om Robinsons’ shoes and feel the same pain. Atticus’s use of the rhetorical appeal pathos was very powerful in creating feelings within the courtroom in an attempt to get the audience to believe in what he is saying and ultimately see past their prejudice ways. This piece of rhetoric also gives a logical appeal through logos which makes the speech a solid logical argument; facts are used in Atticus Finchs’ closing argument to portray a more logical appeal. He starts his speech out by saying there isn’t enough medical evidence to prove that the crime even took place. Finch has a very solid point and statement when he proceeds to say, â€Å"Now there is circumstantial evidence to indicate that Mayella Ewell was beaten savagely by someone who led, almost exclusively, with his left hand. And Tom Robinson now sits before you, having taken â€Å"The Oath† with his only good hand he possesses, his right† (To Kill a Mockingbird). Atticus Finch backs this up in the first sentence of his speech when he says, â€Å"It has relied instead upon the testimony of two witnesses† (To Kill a Mockingbird), stating that this is the only solid evidence that they have in place. Atticus Finch does a good job of presenting a logic al argument while backing up everything he says. Atticus Finch also displays ethos in his speech through his tone and style which also has a major impact on his audience. Atticus Finch having lived in this culture during this time of segregation also gives him a sense of what Tom Robinson and his audience was feeling. By using ethos, he makes a statement that shows how society looks at a white women kissing a colored man, â€Å"Now what did she do? She tempted a Negro. She was white and she tempted a Negro. She did something that in our society is unspeakable† (To Kill a Mockingbird). All throughout the speech Atticus sounds very professional and knowledgeable on the information he is talking about, he seems as if he invested much of his time to that one case and is determined to free Tom Robinson. During the court case, Atticus Finch states, â€Å"Now, gentlemen, in this country, the courts are the great levelers. In our courts, all men are created equal† (To Kill a Mockingbird). Atticus uses this very statement in order to elevate the importance of maintaining equality and unbiased opinions to the jury and show his understanding of the court system. Atticus Finch, by using ethos; has proven himself to his audience. I feel that if I was in the audience during the time that Atticus Finch was giving his closing argument I would be utterly and totally convinced because in the speech he uses the rhetorical appeals pathos, logos, and ethos very well which made his speech fit and connect together. Atticus knew just exactly how to appeal to his audience through logic, emotion, and in justice so that an innocent black man isn’t falsely accused. Works Cited To Kill a Mockingbird. Dir. Robert Mulligan. Perf. Gregory Peck, Mary Bedham, and Phillip Alford. Universal Pictures, 1962. Film.

Free Essays on Shaken Baby Syndrome

Shaken Baby Syndrome is a form of child abuse. Child abuse can be defined in many different ways. The best way to define it is life threatening physical violence, severe beatings, burns, and strangulation. Many incidents of child abuse occur all the time. However, not all cases are reported. â€Å"The national center for child abuse and neglect estimates that nearly one million children in the United States suffer non accidental life-threatening experience every year.† Today, parents use physical punishment as a way to change their child’s behavior. However, the parents don’t realize how easily a child could get hurt. Stress is another cause for child abuse. Parents that are under great stress or unemployed are more likely to abuse their children then those parents who do not have such great problems. Children who are born premature and children with disabilities create more stress for parents. Therefore, these children are more likely to be abused then other children. There are parent support groups, like parents anonymous, and other services that can help relieve stress that can lead to abuse. In any serious cases a child under the age of 18 may be placed in a foster home. â€Å"Shaken Baby Syndrome is caused by vigorous shaking of an infant or damage, Forceful shaking can cause bleeding to the mental, retardation, speech and learning disability, paralysis, seizures, hearing loss, and even death.† It is very hard for doctors to diagnose Shaken Baby Syndrome. One way of telling if a baby has been violently shaken, they will seem less alert. Shaken babies also may vomit or have seizures. Eye examinations may also show blood in the retinas. Computed tomography and magnetic response imaging will be able to reveal any bleeding occurring in the brain. Babies who have been severely shaken could also have bumps, bruises, or other visible signs of trauma such as damage to the neck or spinal cord, bur... Free Essays on Shaken Baby Syndrome Free Essays on Shaken Baby Syndrome Shaken Baby Syndrome is a form of child abuse. Child abuse can be defined in many different ways. The best way to define it is life threatening physical violence, severe beatings, burns, and strangulation. Many incidents of child abuse occur all the time. However, not all cases are reported. â€Å"The national center for child abuse and neglect estimates that nearly one million children in the United States suffer non accidental life-threatening experience every year.† Today, parents use physical punishment as a way to change their child’s behavior. However, the parents don’t realize how easily a child could get hurt. Stress is another cause for child abuse. Parents that are under great stress or unemployed are more likely to abuse their children then those parents who do not have such great problems. Children who are born premature and children with disabilities create more stress for parents. Therefore, these children are more likely to be abused then other children. There are parent support groups, like parents anonymous, and other services that can help relieve stress that can lead to abuse. In any serious cases a child under the age of 18 may be placed in a foster home. â€Å"Shaken Baby Syndrome is caused by vigorous shaking of an infant or damage, Forceful shaking can cause bleeding to the mental, retardation, speech and learning disability, paralysis, seizures, hearing loss, and even death.† It is very hard for doctors to diagnose Shaken Baby Syndrome. One way of telling if a baby has been violently shaken, they will seem less alert. Shaken babies also may vomit or have seizures. Eye examinations may also show blood in the retinas. Computed tomography and magnetic response imaging will be able to reveal any bleeding occurring in the brain. Babies who have been severely shaken could also have bumps, bruises, or other visible signs of trauma such as damage to the neck or spinal cord, bur...

Free Essays on Roman Architectuer

The Roman society, like any other, had its humble beginnings. The history of their architecture runs virtually in step with the history of their empire to an extent. As the Empire expanded so did the architecture, and as Romans became more magnificent their architecture followed. Roman architecture had its humble beginnings as a form of worship. The first Roman architects were the ancient priests and dwellers who made areas of sacrifice and worship for their gods. At first, their homes were simple huts but as they grew smarter and more aware of their surroundings, they erected monumental sites for their gods. ‘â€Å"This space shall be for worship and for nothing else; it shall be four-square; †¦ whatever is done or said in this holy space the gods shall be aware of; whatever comes †¦ shall be a sign from the gods.’† (Brown 10) So, like many arts, Roman architecture’s roots are embedded in the worshiping and homage paid in religion. The Romans we re, of course, not the first to unveil and practice many of their building philosophies; however, they built like no other society before them. Their methods incorporated efficiency and sophistication to construct a whole new look. So with the rise of the Romans and the everlasting hail of Caesar after Caesar and Emperor after Emperor, Roman architecture expanded and influenced building over the world. Unlike the Empire, though, Roman design did not die at the hands of the Germanics, or rather at the hands of self-destruction; it continued to expand and play a part in every major style throughout history. Today, a look at any bridge, tunnel, skyscraper and most buildings will reveal a Roman influence. Even through its empire’s own tribulations and defeat, architecture has stood as an everlasting symbol of what Rome once was, and what the rest of the world is today. To conclude, Roman architecture cannot be looked at as a mere time period or cultural event, for its ramificatio ns lie bey... Free Essays on Roman Architectuer Free Essays on Roman Architectuer The Roman society, like any other, had its humble beginnings. The history of their architecture runs virtually in step with the history of their empire to an extent. As the Empire expanded so did the architecture, and as Romans became more magnificent their architecture followed. Roman architecture had its humble beginnings as a form of worship. The first Roman architects were the ancient priests and dwellers who made areas of sacrifice and worship for their gods. At first, their homes were simple huts but as they grew smarter and more aware of their surroundings, they erected monumental sites for their gods. ‘â€Å"This space shall be for worship and for nothing else; it shall be four-square; †¦ whatever is done or said in this holy space the gods shall be aware of; whatever comes †¦ shall be a sign from the gods.’† (Brown 10) So, like many arts, Roman architecture’s roots are embedded in the worshiping and homage paid in religion. The Romans we re, of course, not the first to unveil and practice many of their building philosophies; however, they built like no other society before them. Their methods incorporated efficiency and sophistication to construct a whole new look. So with the rise of the Romans and the everlasting hail of Caesar after Caesar and Emperor after Emperor, Roman architecture expanded and influenced building over the world. Unlike the Empire, though, Roman design did not die at the hands of the Germanics, or rather at the hands of self-destruction; it continued to expand and play a part in every major style throughout history. Today, a look at any bridge, tunnel, skyscraper and most buildings will reveal a Roman influence. Even through its empire’s own tribulations and defeat, architecture has stood as an everlasting symbol of what Rome once was, and what the rest of the world is today. To conclude, Roman architecture cannot be looked at as a mere time period or cultural event, for its ramificatio ns lie bey...

Contract Law Problem Question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Contract Law Problem Question - Essay Example In this respect, clients can pay in full or incur partial payment processes to obtain the same products1. From this perspective, the willing buyer-seller technique relies on participant’s ability to come to an agreement on which method to apprehend a decision. When a debtor makes partial payment to a creditor, who has the right to end the agreement? In an event that both decide to settle before completion of the contract, who takes responsibility? The belief that the law binds a promisor to his promises raises many questions on the boundary of such aptitudes. Agreements are very important; nevertheless, the main question remains how to address disputes in contracts2. According to promissory estoppel, any creditor who formally or informally notifies a debtor of forgiving a commitment has no right to claim the same. In the case of Orlando and Kate, the latter chose a system of payment for buying a car worth $2500 by compensating in double instalments of $1250. Certainly, this pegged to her income that could not allow her pay a lump some for the same product. The mutual agreement between the two; however, did not materialize after Kate lost her job hence failing to pay for the second instalment. Worried about making losses, Orlando settled o n an additional $625 and a bottle of wine as a token of appreciation from Kate. Notably, this marked the end of their agreement of the sale and hence termination of the contract. Nonetheless, Orlando after hearing of Kate’s luck in finding another job intends to seek for the additional fee. Notably, Kate has no obligation to pay the remaining amount considering that Orlando agreed to new terms. The Law of promissory estoppel guards Kate against Orlando’s idea to demand more money. On the other hand, the doctrine of part payment debt assumes that partial payment of a debt does not hinder the creditor from fully enforcing the intention to settle. From this

Government Contract Law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Government Contract Law - Assignment Example With this regard, the assignment elaborates on the Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR), on the change of orders as well as disputes and appeals. The present change of order has been duly analyzed regarding their compliance with the FAR policies. The judicial processes have been detailed to ensure dispute resolution and provide recommendations on the judicial management of the contract. In a government contract, there is a clause that allows the contracting officer to make independent changes in the selected areas within the scope of the legitimate contract. The clauses of the contract if altered must be following the change that is mechanized. However, there is a provision that the contractor is not obliged to continue the performance if the changes cost beyond limitations laid under the law of Limitation of Cost or Limitation of Funds Clause 32.706-2. This clause always attaches unforeseen circumstances with the contract that usually arises after the execution of the contract. The PrintMark Publication has signed a contract for creating an architectural design as well as constructing the same with the US government. However, after the contract was duly legitimized, the government implemented their change order and altered the site, where the construction was duly scheduled. This change implemented by the government has actually increased the cost involved with a c ontract of construction (Department Of Defense, 2005). With the implementation of the change order, the organizational cost for construction has gone up and the contractor i.e. PrintMark Publication has to incur a severe amount of losses if they continue with the contract. However, the organization can duly negotiate with the government about the equitable adjustment of the contract. This would ensure that the contract can be reconstructed in such a manner that the contractor is entitled to have same benefits that he would have enjoyed if the change was not encountered. The contractors must be informing the government contracting officers about the negotiation so that it can be duly implemented.

How Safe are Federal Regulations on Occupational Alcohol Use Essay - 1

How Safe are Federal Regulations on Occupational Alcohol Use - Essay Example There are various rules and regulations that have been set by the federal system to control alcohol consumption among workers in different social and economic sectors. For instance: Specific rules and regulations to control alcohol use in the transportation sector, construction sector, manufacturing, and military as well as among the police. However, previous research show that the normal and legalized alcohol consumption has presented accidents at work places as well as poor productivity which in most cases are not identified by employees and their employers. Occupational accidents resulting from alcohol consumption by workers and their employers usually go unnoticed due to the fact that; there has not been proper research conducted in order to depict performance among employees working under the influence of alcohol. Alcohol consumption has various effects on the performance and the safety of workers which can be extant or can occur the next day after consumption. These effects are categorized according to the pattern in which they affect the workers: Residual effects which can exhibits different patterns of impacts. It generally connotes the physiological, behavioral and characteristics that may result from heavy alcohol consumption after episodes of heavy drinking and when the Blood Alcohol Concentration is at zero. There are also acute effects of heavy drinking that may occur immediately or after long periods of time such as cancer, weight loss and severe impacts of the reproductive system (Howland, J et al.2006). The effects of alcohol may be notice from several physiological and psychological abnormalities such as headache, fatigue and nausea. Residual effects of alcohol affect various organizations at different levels for instance; among the aircraft and automobile operators, researches have shown that: Decreased performances among pilots and military jet operators have been noticed after periods of heavy

Employment and Trade Unions Essay Example for Free

Employment and Trade Unions Essay Throughout the study I have tried with the best of my capacity to accommodate as much information and relevant issues as possible and tried to follow the instructions as you have suggested. I tried my best to make this report as much informative as possible. I sincerely believe that it will satisfy your requirements. I however sincerely believe that this report will serve the purpose of my course (Industrial Relation). I am grateful to you for your guidance and kind co-operation at every step of my endeavor on this report. My effort will be reworded only if it adds value to the research literature. Introduction One of the major functions of human resource management is to maintain smooth industrial relations (IR). It is also treated as one of the oldest functions of HRM. It is basically allied with the relations between the employer and the workers in the industry (Singh Kumar, 2011: 3). According to Weeratunga (2003:5) Industrial Relations or Labor Relations, the terms used interchangeably, can be viewed as the interaction between the various interested parties involved in employment. The employer and the employee are obvious parties. The state, in ensuring a level playing field for both sides, provides the legal framework within which such relations may take place. In industrial relations, workers are generally represented by their trade unions formed under chapter 13 of Bangladesh Labor Act2006 whereas employers are represented by their associations such as Bangladesh Employers Federation. HR managers mediate the relationships between workers and employers though they are appointed by the representatives of employers. Another related term is Employee Relations. Though both the terms industrial relations and employee relations are structurally similar (Decenzo Robbins, 1999: 18), employee relations includes, in addition to industrial relations, such aspects as participative management, employee wellbeing, employee development, employee compensation, employee protection and health, and the like (Aswathappa, 2008:534). Generally industrial relations cover the areas such as trade unions, collective bargaining, settlement of industrial disputes, grievance handling procedure, role of government, labor laws, courts and tribunals and role of employers. In the context of developing countries, industrial relations has been influenced by features such as high exploitation of workers, low level of worker participation in decision making, government and political interferences, high rate of illiteracy of workers, low level of employment, low level of awareness among the laborers regarding rights, laws, and trade unionism, and low labor productivity (Khan Taher, 2008: 222-23). Industrial relations plays an important role in establishing and maintaining industrial democracy (Monappa, 2004: 9) and it is the key to improve productivity in industrial enterprises (Aswathappa, 2004: 534). Human resource management can play vital roles in enhancing cooperative and friendly industrial relations. In Bangladesh, collective bargaining on pay between employer and workmen is prohibited in the public sector enterprises as the government designs uniform pay and benefits for the employees of all public sector enterprises (Mahmood, 2008). The limited scope of collective bargaining in the public sector of Bangladesh influences the trade unions to develop network with government, political parties and other powerful bodies in organizing their activities. It hinders effective interactions between the representatives of employers and workers at enterprise level. Though performance based pay is considered to have significant impact on employee performance (DesslerVarkkey, 2010: 15), it is not at all practiced by the public sector enterprises in Bangladesh. As a result, public sector enterprises in Bangladesh have been incurring huge losses. On the other hand, all types of collective bargaining takes place at enterprise level in case of private sector enterprises (Khan, 1996). Mahmood (2008) mentioned that the industrial relations process in the private sector was often disturbed by links between private and public sector unions. Objectives: a) To explore the differences between public and private sector industrial enterprises of Bangladesh with respect to overall status of IR. b) To put forward policy implications of overall improvement in IR of Bangladesh. Industrial Relations Studies in Bangladesh Khan (1986) studied industrial relations in Bangladesh with special emphasis on trade unionism. †¦ Trade Unions Trade Union is an organization of workers who have banded together to achieve common goals such as protecting the integrity of its trade, achieving higher pay, increasing the number of employees an employer hires, and better working conditions. An organized association of workers in a trade, group of trades, or profession, formed to protect and further their rights and interests. A group of employees in a particular sector, whose aim is to negotiate with employees over pay, job security, working hours, etc. using the collective power of the members. The most common purpose of these associations or unions is maintaining or improving the conditions of their employment. Causes of organizing trade unions Provision of benefits to members: professional training, legal advice and representation for members is still an important benefit of trade union membership. Industrial action: Trade unions may enforce strikes or resistance to lockouts in furtherance of particular goals. Political activity: Trade unions may promote legislation favourable to the interests of their members or workers as a whole. To this end they may pursue campaigns, undertake lobbying, or financially support individual candidates or parties. Conditions of employment and any grievances — are settled through trade unions. Bargaining rights: Trade unions bargain and ensure the status, rights, wages and demands of workers of the modern world of industry. Contribution in economical growth: Trade unions are growing rapidly in an economy because of the expansion of business and economical growth. Objectives Trade unions are the only way to manage, compliant, and control the labour force. Lots of objectives are there to organize trade unions. . To defend or improve the wages and working conditions of workers and to bring about a change in the economic order. 2. To strengthen their (labour) bargaining power collectively to establish and achieve all their rights. 3. To dully protect all other interest of the workers . And from the managements point of view the objectives as written: a) To reduce the number of negotiation. b) To specify work rules, disagreements and grievances to give the better solution to workers claim. c) To establish the efficient communication between the employers and management to enforce the predictable standards. ) To enhance the overall organizational effectiveness workers can also be sometimes inspired to form and organize trade union. In fact, objectives of a trade union are not defined; rather these are changing according to the need of the economy and overall industry. When these objectives are not settled then the rivals are started History of Trade Unions The Pakistan Period (1947-71) -The East Pakistan Trade Unions Act, 1965 was enacted repealing the Trade Unions Act, 1926. -The Labor Disputes Act, 1965 was enacted. -Industrial Relations Ordinance, 1969 was enacted integrating the above two Acts. Bangladesh Period (1971-onwards) -Government of Bangladesh declared a labor policy in 1972. The right to strike and collective bargaining in the nationalized industries was prohibited for six months by Presidential order no. 55 in May 1972. -In 1973, the right to strike and lockout, as granted by IRO, 1969 was withdrawn. -In 1974 Act completely suspended the democratic rights of workers by prohibiting trade union activities such as strikes, lock-outs, collective bargaining. -The military regime of 1975 imposed restrictions on the rights of collective bargaining. The Industrial Relations (Amendment) Ordinance, 1977 liberalized the Rights of Freedom of Association -The Labor Policy of 1980 restored the right to freedom of association to a considerable extent -In 1982 the military regime banned trade union activities, strikes, and right of freedom of association. Limitations In Bangladesh Trade Unions have a lot of unavoidable problems: 1. Lack of consciousness: Trade union are not actu ally completely aware about employees legal rights and duties. 2. Lack of Unity: In Bangladesh trade unions are separated for political influence. 3. Lack of knowledge: The workers of Bangladesh dont have enough knowledge about their rights and duties. 4. Political influence: In Bangladesh, trade unions work a part of political parties not as a free right saving association. 5. Division of trade union: Bangladesh is a country where every organization has more trade unions in name only. The overall productivity got down. Suggestions Strengthening bilateral collective bargaining for solving problems quickly and effectively. Multiplicity of trade union creates the rivals in a union. So it must be reduced. Political involvement must be reduced. Organization must support financially as trade unions support the worker. Training programs under trade union should be helpful to develop the skills of the workers. Trade unions function should be increased and widened throughout the organization. Union leader must be given importance and encourage the members. If trust between workers and management increases, productivity increases. Management must help and guide trade unions to settle industrial clashes and crisis. Trade unions always should demand reasonable thing to the management. . What is a dispute? Academically speaking, industrial dispute refers to any conflict between employees and employers, between employers and employers and between employers and employees. †¢ But in reality, dispute is understood as the conflict between employees and employers. There are three types of Disputes : †¢ Disciplinary disputes †¢ Grievance disputes †¢ Industrial disputes †¢ According to Industrial Dispute Act, 1947, Industrial dispute means any dispute or difference between employers and employers, or between employers and workmen, or between workmen and workmen, which is connected with the mployment or non-employment or terms of employment or with the conditions of labour of any person. Causes of Industrial Disputes: Some of the prominent causes of industrial disputes may be listed thus: Employment: The list here includes disputes over wages, allowances, bonus, benefits, working, condition, unjust dismissals, retrenchment of workers, methods of job evaluation, changes in methods of production, non-implement of awards of tribunals, etc. The National Commission on Labor remarked â€Å"though on majority of occasions industrial disputes were based on claims pertaining to the terms and condition of employment, sometimes economic issues of a general character dominated and, on occasion, purely motives†. The causes of industrial disputes can be broadly classified into two categories: economic and non-economic causes. The economic causes will include issues relating to compensation like wages, bonus, allowances, and conditions for work, working hours, leave and holidays without pay, unjust layoffs and retrenchments. The non economic factors will include victimization of workers, ill treatment by staff members, sympathetic strikes, political factors, indiscipline etc. Wages and allowances:  Since the cost of living index is increasing, workers generally bargain for higher wages to meet the rising cost of living index and to increase their standards of living. In 2002, 21. 4% of disputes were caused by demand of higher wages and allowances. This percentage was 20. 4% during 2003 and during 2004 increased up to 26. 2%. In 2005, wages and allowances accounted for 21. % of disputes. Personnel and retrenchment:  The personnel and retrenchment have also been an important factor which accounted for disputes. During the year 2002, disputes caused by personnel were 14. 1% while those caused by retrenchment and layoffs were 2. 2% and 0. 4% respectively. In 2003, a similar trend could be seen, wherein 11. 2% of the disputes were caused by personnel, while 2. 4% and 0. 6% of disputes were caused by retrenchment and layoffs. In year 2005, only 9. 6% of the disputes were caused by personnel, and only 0. 4% were caused by retrenchment. Indiscipline and violence:  From the given table, it is evident that the number of disputes caused by indiscipline has shown an increasing trend. In 2002, 29. 9% of disputes were caused because of indiscipline, which rose up to 36. 9% in 2003. Similarly in 2004 and 2005, 40. 4% and 41. 6% of disputes were caused due to indiscipline respectively. During the year 2003, indiscipline accounted for the highest percentage (36. 9%) of the total time-loss of all disputes, followed by cause-groups wage and allowance and personnel with 20. 4% and11. % respectively. A similar trend was observed in 2004 where indiscipline accounted for 40. 4% of disputes. Bonus:  Bonus has always been an important factor in industrial disputes. 6. 7% of the disputes were because of bonus in 2002 and 2003 as compared to 3. 5% and 3. 6% in 2004 and 2005 respectively. Leave and working hours: Leaves and working hours have not been so important causes of industrial disputes. During 2002, 0. 5% of the disputes were because of leave and hours of work while this percentage increased to 1% in 2003. During 2004, only 0. % of the disputes were because of leaves and working hours. ? Miscellaneous:  The miscellaneous factors include   Ã‚   Inter/Intra Union Rivalry   Ã‚   Charter of Demands   Ã‚   Work Load   Ã‚   Standing orders/rules/service conditions/safety measures   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Non-implementation of agreements and awards etc. Collective Bargaining Collective bargaining includes not only negotiations between the employers and unions but also includes the process of resolving labor-management conflicts. Thus, collective bargaining is, essentially, a recognized way of creating a system of industrial jurisprudence. It acts as a method of introducing civil rights in the industry, that is, the management should be conducted by rules rather than arbitrary decision making. It establishes rules which define and restrict the traditional authority exercised by the management. Importance to employees ? Collective bar aining develops a sense of self respect and responsibility among the employees. It increases the strength of the workforce, thereby, increasing their bargaining capacity as a group. Collective bargaining increases the morale and productivity of employees. It restricts management’s freedom for arbitrary action against the employees. Moreover, unilateral actions by the employer are also discouraged. Effective collective bargaining machinery strengthens the trade unions movement. The workers feel motivated as they can approach the management on various matters and bargain for higher benefits. It helps in securing a prompt and fair settlement of grievances. It provides a flexible means for the adjustment of wages and employment conditions to economic and technological changes in the industry, as a result of which the chances for conflicts are reduced. Importance to employers 1. It becomes easier for the management to resolve issues at the bargaining level rather than taking up complaints of individual workers. 2. Collective bargaining tends to promote a sense of job security among employees and thereby tends to reduce the cost of labor turnover to management. 3. Collective bargaining opens up the channel of communication between the workers and the management and increases worker participation in decision making. 4. Collective bargaining plays a vital role in settling and preventing industrial disputes. Importance to society: 1. Collective bargaining leads to industrial peace in the country 2. It results in establishment of a harmonious industrial climate which supports which helps the pace of a nation’s efforts towards economic and social development since the obstacles to such a development can be reduced considerably. 3. The discrimination and exploitation of workers is constantly being checked. 4. It provides a method or the regulation of the conditions of employment of those who are directly concerned about them.